摘要:在最近的中国两会中,政府设定了2025年的主要经济目标:实际GDP增长率为5%和通货膨胀增长率控制在2%左右。为了实现2025年主要经济目标,财政赤字从GDP的3%提升至4%;地方政府专项债额度从之前的3.9%提升至4.4%。在2025年以前,中国政府一直非常
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在最近的中国两会中,政府设定了2025年的主要经济目标:实际GDP增长率为5%和通货膨胀增长率控制在2%左右。为了实现2025年主要经济目标,财政赤字从GDP的3%提升至4%;地方政府专项债额度从之前的3.9%提升至4.4%。在2025年以前,中国政府一直非常重视国家财务赤字占GDP的比重,将其控制在3%以内。由于国家不允许地方政府举债,这些年来地方政府的融资需求都在警戒线以下。其次,地方政府的主要收入来源为土地的相关收入,例如土地分配权、土地使用权等。近些年来,地方政府的收入来源逐渐减少,因此地方政府的融资需求大幅度上升,例如通过城投债等地方融资工具进行融资。由此可见,在设定实际GDP增长率为5%的目标背后,地方政府的债务风险相关问题逐渐显现。第三,从另一个角度看,广义货币供给量的增长速度是实际GDP增长速度的两倍,但是消费者物价指数却接近通货紧缩,这也反应了国内货币流向结构和经济结构存在严重问题。
根据国际货币基金组织在2024年中发布的中国第四条款磋商报告显示,中国的一般政府债务占GDP的比率从2019年的38.5%迅速上升到2024年的60.5%,且包括LGFVs (城投债)在内的广义债务占GDP的比率从86.3%增加到124%。同时,地方政府债务占GDP的比率从接近50%上升到60%以上。2024年总非金融债务占GDP的比率从245%增加到312%。
为此,中国政府出台了一系列措施试图缓解地方政府债务问题和促进消费和经济的成长。首先,中国政府通过允许地方政府在地方政府债券额度内发行债券,将隐性的城投债转换为官方债券,并停止使用这种影子融资渠道来满足当前的融资需求。其次,为了缓解国内的通货紧缩,中国人民银行在过去两年一直推行宽松的货币政策以刺激经济成长,并且在2024年中国人民银行在公开市场操作中逐渐增加短期国债的购买且卖出长期限国债。针对此公开市场操作,2024年6月19日央行行长潘功胜在2024年陆家嘴论坛上表示,把国债买卖纳入货币政策工具箱不代表要搞量化宽松,而是将其定位于基础货币投放渠道和流动性管理工具,即有卖也有卖,与其他工具综合搭配,共同营造适宜的流动性环境。(来源:21世纪经济报道)但是由于债券收益率的大幅下跌以及人民币贬值,央行宣布在2025年1月停止购买国债。且在2025年1月份前三周,央行大额操作注入流动性,例如央行净投放现金2万亿人民币,用以支持预计将回升的银行贷款。
然而随着货币政策的出台,这些措施是否会刺激私人部门借贷以促进私人消费和投资等实际经济活动值得探讨。
原文(节选):
China has just raised its debt ceiling- Parliamentary sessions reveal everything is subordinate to growth
As expected, the main target is once again real gross domestic product growth at around 5% and consumer price index inflation of around 2%. This real growth will have to be achieved by an increase in the deficit to GDP ratio of 4%, up from the previous 3%. Special local government bond quotas will be allowed to increase by 4.4%, compared with 3.9% previously.
However, as the main source of local government revenues (some 80%), the allocation of land use has dried up since the onset of the real estate crisis and borrowing though local government financing vehicles has skyrocketed.
According to the most recent International Monetary Fund Article IV Consultations in mid-2024, China’s general government borrowing rose rapidly to an estimated 60.5% of GDP in 2024 from 38.5% in 2019. Augmented debt, which includes LGFVs, has increased to 124% of GDP from 86.3%. The share of local government debt rose to more than 60% of GDP from close to 50%. The overall non-financial debt increased to 312% of GDP in 2024 from 245%, putting China among the most indebted countries.
The open question is whether all these measures will stimulate real economic activities such as borrowing by the private sector to boost private consumption and investment.
The People’s Bank of China has been pursuing this accommodative monetary policy already over the past two years to boost sagging economic growth.
In early 2025, the PBoC also supplied record liquidity in the money market to support bank lending, which is supposed to pick up.
The bank purchased a record supply of newly issued government bonds last year, without calling it quantitative easing. However, this was suspended at the beginning of 2025 as yields fell to record lows and the renminbi depreciated.
The local government financing requirement has always remained below the radar as local governments were not allowed to borrow.
来源
作者:
Herbert Poenisch
来源:
OMFIF
来源:IMI财经观察