摘要：湖北省博物馆梁庄王墓展厅是最受市民关注的展厅之一，展厅里流光溢彩，金玉满堂，无论是精致的金银祭祀用器、典雅的装饰品，还是华丽的生活用具，所有的一切无不彰显着明朝皇室的独特气派，勾画出一幅盛世亲王奢侈华丽的生活图景。
湖北省博物馆梁庄王墓展厅是最受市民关注的展厅之一，展厅里流光溢彩，金玉满堂，无论是精致的金银祭祀用器、典雅的装饰品，还是华丽的生活用具，所有的一切无不彰显着明朝皇室的独特气派，勾画出一幅盛世亲王奢侈华丽的生活图景。
The Exhibition Hall in the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang is one of the most popular exhibition halls at the Hubei Provincial Museum (HBPM).It is brilliantly illuminated and filled with gold and jade artefacts. The exquisite gold and silver sacrificial vessels, elegant ornaments and gorgeous household articles fully demonstrate the unique style of the imperial family of the Ming dynasty and reflect the luxurious and extravagant life of a feudal prince.
梁庄王展厅 图/湖北省博物馆
2001年湖北省文物考古工作者对埋藏在偏僻山村里的明代梁庄王墓进行了抢救性的发掘，使一座百年王室宝藏重见天日，它是湖北省明代考古发现中出土文物最多、文物价值最高的一次，也是全国已发掘的单座明代亲王墓中出土文物最多的一次空前大发现，为明代历史、考古研究提供了新的资料和新的课题。墓中出土的众多金银珠宝，不仅是明王朝强盛的再现，还是梁庄王和梁王妃凄美婚姻的见证，同时，它是中国明代著名航海家郑和下西洋的历史见证，也是海上丝绸之路的见证。
In 2001, the antiquarians and archaeologists of Hubei Province carried out a rescue excavation of the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang in a remote mountainous village and brought to light a century-old imperial vault. Among all the excavations related to the Ming dynasty in Hubei Province, this excavation produced the most numerous and valuable cultural relics. Among all the individual princely tombs of the Ming dynasty that have been excavated so far, this tomb also produced the largest number of cultural relics. These cultural relics have provided new materials and new topics for the historical and archaeological studies of the Ming dynasty. The great many gold and silver articles and jewels, which were unearthed from this tomb, are witnesses not only of the prosperity of the Ming dynasty but also of the sad and beautiful love between Prince Zhuang of Liang and his wife. Moreover, these cultural relics are also historical witnesses of the famous Chinese navigator Zheng He's voyages to the Western seas as well as the Maritime Silk Road.
01
穿越千年的爱恋
Tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang
梁庄王朱瞻垍是明仁宗第九子，永乐二十二年（1424年）册封为梁王，正统六年（1441年）去世，谥号“庄”。继妃魏氏（1413—1451）死于景泰二年（1451年），并与之合葬。
ZhuZhanji, or Prince Zhuang of Liang, was the 9th son of Emperor Renzong of Ming. He was conferred the title of Prince of Liang in the 22nd year of the reign of Yongle(1424). When he died in the 6th year of the reign of Zhengtong(1441), he was conferred the posthumous title of 'Zhuang'. His second wife, Lady Wei(1413-1451), died in the 2nd year of the reign of Jingtai(1451) and was buried together with him.
图/湖北画报
梁庄王墓是梁庄王朱瞻垍和他的继妃魏氏的合葬墓，位于湖北省钟祥市长滩镇大洪村二组，墓地西北距明代嘉靖皇帝的出生地湖北省钟祥市城区约25公里。这里属于大洪山的余脉，有一条蜿蜒呈东西走向宛如蟠龙状的丘陵，名叫“龙山坡”。梁庄王墓便构筑在这条“蟠龙”的“龙首”处，坐北朝南，依山面水。据史料记载，梁庄王墓原来修筑有内茔园和外茔园，内外茔园均为长方形，呈南北向，内园有地面建筑和地宫，规模宏大。
The tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang and his second wife, Lady Wei, is located in Group 2 of Dahong Village, Changtan Town, Zhongxiang City, Hubei Province, about 25 kilometres northwest of the birthplace of Emperor Jiajing of Ming. Here, a dragon-like hill known as Longwangpo, which is an extension of the Dahong Mountains, stretches from east to west. This south-facing tomb sits at the 'dragon head', with a river flowing in the front. According to historical records, the tomb originally had an inner garden and an outer garden. Both gardens were rectangular and ran from north to south. The inner garden was very large, with ground buildings and underground palaces.
梁庄王墓是钟祥文物考古工作者在20世纪50年代根据钟祥县志记载，逐个逐个去寻找，最后在钟祥市长滩镇大洪村发现的。按照古墓以保护为主的原则，梁庄王墓虽早已被发现，却一直没有发掘。
In the 1950s, antiquarians and archaeologists followed records in the Annals of Zhongxiang County to discover the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang in Dahong Village, Changtan Town. Based on the principle of giving priority to preservation, however, this ancient tomb was not excavated for a long time.
2001年12月初，梁庄王墓出土文物清理、甄别、鉴定初步完成。据统计，墓内随葬品有金、银、玉、宝石、瓷、陶、铜、铁、铅锡、漆木器，还有首饰、冠帽、帽顶、腰带、法器、圹志、封册、串饰等共计5300余件，其中金器、银器、玉器、珠宝等就有4800件。随葬品的用金量达16公斤，用银量达13公斤，用玉量达14公斤，各种宝石700余颗。其中有关“郑和下西洋”时期的珍宝和藏传密教文物皆为前所未见。一个亲王墓中，居然随葬着如此大量的金银珠宝，在已发掘的明代王墓中极为少见。有关专家称，在我国明代文物考古中，梁庄王墓是继北京明代皇帝陵——定陵之后的又一重大考古发现，当属“世纪之考”。
In early December 2001, the cultural relics unearthed from the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang were preliminarily cleaned, sorted and identified. According to statistics, more than 5,300 artefacts were unearthed, including gold, silver, jade, porcelain, pottery, bronze, iron, tin-lead and lacquered objects as well as jewels, hats, crowns, belts, Dharma-vessels, epitaph tablets and pendants. Among them, there were 4,800 gold, silver and jade objects and jewels. In total, 16 kilograms of gold, 13 kilograms of silver, 14 kilograms of jade and more than 700 precious stones were used to make the funerary objects. In particular, the treasures and the Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist objects of the period of Zheng He's voyages to the Western seas had never been discovered elsewhere. The archaeologists had never expected that such a large number of cultural relics could have been unearthed from a princely tomb of the Ming dynasty. Experts said that the excavation of the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang was another major archaeological discovery following the excavation of the Ding Mausoleum (the mausoleum of the 13th emperor of the Ming dynasty) in Beijing, and it could very well be considered the 'excavation of the century'.
02
首次发现“王妃封册”
First imperial edict conferring the title of
'princess'ever discovered
明镀金银封册 图/湖北省博物馆
已发掘的明代亲王墓中常有谥册，少见封册。梁庄王墓发现了王妃封册，封册为镀金银封册，是王妃魏氏于明朝宣德八年被册封为王妃时的任命文书。封册每板长23厘米、宽9.1厘米、厚0.4厘米，重1839.8克。由2块同样大小的长方形镀金银板扣合而成，板内铸有册文88字：“维宣德八年，岁次癸丑，七月壬子朔，越三日甲寅，皇帝制曰：‘朕惟太祖高皇帝之制封建诸王，必选贤女为之配。朕弟梁王年已长成，尔魏氏乃南城兵马指挥魏亨之女，今特授以金册，立为梁王妃，尔尚谨遵妇道，内助家邦，敬哉。’”这是我国发现的首件亲王妃封册实物，是研究明亲王葬制的新材料。
In the excavated princely tombs of the Ming dynasty, imperial edicts conferring posthumous titles are quite common, but those conferring the titles of princess are rarely seen. The imperial edict conferring the title of 'princess' unearthed from the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang is made of silver and plated with gold. It was issued to Lady Wei in the 8th year of the reign of Xuande during the Ming dynasty. It consists of two rectangular gold-plated silverboards, each of which is 23 centimetres long, 9.1 centimetres wide and 0.4 centimetres thick and weighs 1,839.8 grams. The silver boards were inscribed with 88 characters:'On the third day of the seventh month of the eighth year of the year of Xuande, the Emperor declare,"According to a system established by Emperor Taizu, when a prince is conferred his title, a virtuous woman must be chosen as his wife. My younger brother, Prince of Liang, has come of age. You, Lady Wei, are a daughter of Wei Heng, commander of the Southern Garrison Forces of Beijing. I hereby issue this gold scroll and confer the title of 'princess' to you. You must strictly abide by female virtues and help your husband manage his family and state."'As the first real object of an imperial edict conferring the title of princess ever discovered in China, this is new material for studying the funerary system of princes of the Ming dynasty.
03
金银器
Gold and
金钑花钏 图/湖北文物
明代，社会流行金银器以显示富贵，皇室使用金银器更是盛行。明朝全面继承了前代金银器制作的工艺成就，在花丝和镶嵌工艺技术方面有更好的发展。这主要得力于朝廷建立的世袭匠作制度。金银器物的精品主要是出自宫中，很少流传到民间。
In the Ming dynasty, gold and silver articles were considered symbols of wealth, and they were even more commonly used by the imperial family. In this period, thanks to the hereditary craftsman system established by the imperial court, craftsmen inherited the goldware and silverware production processes of previous dynasties and greatly improved filigreeing and inlaying processes. The best gold and silver articles mainly existed inimperial palaces and were rarely spread to ordinary people.
金镶宝石镯 图/湖北省博物馆
明金镂空凤纹坠 图/湖北省博物馆
金锺盖 图/湖北省博物馆
梁庄王墓中出土了大量金银器，据统计，金器125件（套），有金壶、金盆、金盂、金漏勺、金匕、金锭、金爵、金锺盖等。这批金器保存完好，光亮如新，含金量为77%—91%，其中不少都是重量级宝物。银器380件（套），多为容器和用具。银的成色较高，含银量85%—99%。金器多属梁王，银器多属王妃。
A large number of gold and silver articles were unearthed from the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang. Among them, according to statistics, there are 125 pieces (sets) of goldware, such as goldpots, basins, Yu jars, skimming spoons, Bi spoons, ingots, Jue cups and Zhong cups. These gold articles are well preserved, bright as new, with a gold content of 77% to 91%, and many of them are important treasures. A total of 380 pieces (sets) of silverware were unearthed, and most of them are receptacles and utensils, with a silver content of 85% to 99%. The gold objects mostly belong to Prince Zhuang of Liang, and the silver objects mostly belong to Lady Wei.
云形金镶宝石饰 图/张梓淇
梁庄王墓出土的金银器多采用花丝、镂空等工艺，许多器物还装饰有红、黄、蓝、绿各色宝石，造型精巧优美，装饰丰富多彩。制作工艺主要有铸造、捶揲、花丝、錾花、镶嵌等工艺和焊接、切削、抛光、铆、镀、刻凿、镶嵌等技术。
The gold and silver articles unearthed from the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang usually adopted filigreeing and hollowing-out processes. Many of them are inlaid with red, yellow, blue and green gemstones. Theyare exquisitely shaped and beautifully decorated. The main procedures include casting, beating, bending, filigreeing, chiselling, inlaying, welding, cutting, polishing, riveting, plating and carving.
牡丹花簪 图/杨思颖
梁庄王墓出土的金、银器上许多都有铭文，从铭文可知，其中不少是属于皇帝的赏赐品。这批光亮如新、造型精美的金器涵盖着生活的方方面面，有生活用具、首饰冠带、佛教法器、冥钱冥币等。
The inions on many gold and silver articles unearthed from the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang show that they were given by the emperor. These shiny and exquisite gold and silver articles cover all aspects of life. They include household articles, jewels, headgears, belts, Dharma vessels and the money of the nether world.
金凤簪 图/湖北省博物馆
04
帽饰
Hat ornaments
冕冠 图/湖北省博物馆
梁庄王墓中出土了6件帽顶，其中有的帽顶与故宫博物院所藏元成宗、文宗像所绘帽顶相同，经鉴定为元代皇室之物，十分珍贵，这些前朝的宝物应该是梁庄王祖父——明成祖朱棣迁都后把这些东西收归己有，并留给后世子孙。
Six hat tops were unearthed from the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang. Several of them are the same as those in the portraits of Emperor Chengzong of Yuan and Emperor Wenzong of Yuanin the Palace Museum. They have been identified as imperial objects of the Yuan dynasty, so they are treasures of the previous dynasty. When Emperor Chengzu of Ming (Zhu Di), grandfather of Prince Zhuang of Liang, moved the capital to Beijing, he must have taken possession of these things and left them for his own descendents.
此前，学术界对该类器物定名“帽顶”还是“炉顶”存在争议，梁庄王墓中帽顶的发现，使此类器物是“帽顶”即成定论。
The academic community used to argue about whether such artefacts should be called 'hat tops' or 'stove tops'. The discovery of these 'hat tops' from the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang settled the argument.
⾦镶宝⽯⽩⽟云⻰帽顶 图/苏卓琳
金镶无色蓝宝石帽顶 图/湖北文物
梁庄王墓中出土的6件帽顶，在墓内都置于梁庄王的棺床上，属于梁王的用品。6件帽顶均由喇叭形金镶宝石覆莲底座和座顶镶嵌宝石或镂空玉龙的顶饰组成。座底口的覆莲，单瓣的有2件，重瓣的有4件，瓣与瓣之间都有一个小穿孔。金镶宝石帽顶4件，金镶宝石玉龙帽顶2件。
When unearthed, all six hat ornaments were placed on the coffin platform of Prince Zhuang of Liang. Each of them is made up of a base and a top. The flared gold base is shaped like an overturned lotus flower and is inlaid with gemstones. The gold tops are either inlaid with gemstones or inlaid with gemstones and decorated with hollowed-out jade dragons. For two hat ornaments, the overturned lotus flowers are single-petaled. For the other four hat ornaments, the lotus flowers are double-petaled. There are small holes between the petals. Four of the gold hat tops are inlaid with gemstones, and two of them are inlaid with gemstones and decorated with jade dragons.
05
带饰
Belt ornaments
龙纹玉制腰带 图/杨思颖 摄
腰带，在明朝是贵族和高级官员的身份性饰物，是地位与权力、等级与财富的象征。明初腰带的使用有严格的规定，唯一品以上用玉带：“玉革带，青绮鞓，描金云龙纹，玉事件十，金事件四。”史载明中期后，玉带使用较滥，如严嵩被查抄家时，玉带多达202条。梁庄王墓出土革带的玉板数量不等，有15、18、19、20甚至24件，可见所佩玉带已不合制。
In the Ming dynasty, belts showed the identities of aristocrats and senior officials and were a symbol of status, power, rank and wealth. In the early Ming dynasty, there were strict regulations about the use of belts. Only first-rank or higher ranking officials could wear jade belts.'The leather belt shall be inlaid with jade, wrapped with blue silk and painted with golden cloud and dragon patterns. It shall be decorated with ten jade pendants and four gold pendants.' In the middle Ming dynasty, according to historical records, jade belts were often abused. For example, when Yan Song's property was confiscated, 202 jade belts were found in his house. The leather belts unearthed from the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang are decorated with 15, 18, 19, 20 or even 24 jade plates, so the use of jade belts did not comply with regulations.
青白玉镂空云龙纹带 图/杨思颖
以往发现的亲王墓中一般只随葬1至2条腰带，即使是在埋葬明朝万历皇帝和他的两个皇后的皇陵定陵里，也只发现了12条腰带，这已是最高规格。但梁庄王墓随葬腰带13条，这在数量上超过了定陵，而在个人的拥有量上，梁庄王（12条）也超过了万历皇帝（7条）。埋葬如此之多的腰带，这种现象在考古发掘中很少见。其中的金镶宝石带、金花丝镶宝石带、白玉鹘捕鹅带、青玉葵花带都是首次发现，极其珍贵。
In previously excavated tombs of princes, funerary objects usually included one or two belts. Even in the Ding Mausoleum, in which Emperor Wanli and his two empresses were buried, only 12 belts were unearthed, and 7 of them were funerary objects for Emperor Wanli. In contrast, 13 belts were unearthed from the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang, and 12 of them were funerary objects for Prince Zhuang of Liang himself. In archaeological excavations, it is a very rare case to unearth so many belts from one tomb. Among these belts, the gold belt inlaid with gemstones, the goldfiligreed belt inlaid with gemstones, the white jade belt featuring a falcon preying on a swan and the grey jade belt featuring sunflowers were discovered for the first time and are extremely precious.
金累丝镶宝石带 图/湖北文物
金累丝镶宝石带带銙 图/湖北文物
梁庄王墓出土的腰带有革带和束带。革带,共出土有11条，由245件金、玉带和镀金铜带扣组成，有玉革带和金镶革带两种。革带在墓中大都放于梁王的棺床上，少数散落在棺床东边床下，从放置的位置来看，它们属于梁庄王的随葬品。
Both leather belts and casual belts were unearthed from the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang. The 11 leather belts are composed of 245 gold parts, jade parts and gold-plated bronze buckles. Some of them are inlaid with jade, and others are inlaid with gold. When unearthed, most of the leather belts were placed on the coffin platform of Prince Zhuang of Liang, and a few of them were scattered under the bed on the east side of the coffin platform. Judging from their locations, they were the funerary objects of Prince Zhuang of Liang.
一条腰带要由皮质的带鞓及订缀在鞓上的带组成，一般为20件，但实际上革带的玉板数量不等。梁庄王墓的革带出土时皮质带鞓已经腐朽，复原后的带其中三条分别为18件、19件、24件，其余8条都为20件。腰带从正面中间起，通常有三台、六桃、两辅弼、双铊尾、七排方，带式与文献记载的完全相符，层次分明，次序严整，仿佛明朝的尊卑位次。腰带质地有白玉、青白玉、碧玉、墨玉等，都是珍贵的新疆和田玉。
A leather belt and its accessories usually included 20 parts, but the actual number of jade plates on the belt varied. When unearthed, the leather belts in the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang were already decayed. After restoration, three of these belts have 18, 19 and 24 jade plates, respectively, and each of the other eight belts has 20 jade plates. Starting from the middle, a belt usually had three Tai pieces, six Tao pieces, two Fubi pieces, two Tuowei pieces and seven Paifang pieces. These belts are completely consistent with historical records. The jade plates are well arranged and follow a strict order, which reflects the hierarchical system of the Ming dynasty. The jade plates are white, greenish white, green or black. All of them are precious Hetian jade from Xinjiang.
06
玉器
Jade articles
玉佩 图/湖北省博物馆
明代盛行佩玉，各种配饰种类繁多，尤以云形饰件与璜、珩、滴及花、果、叶、动物等组成的玉佩为最尊贵，具有“礼玉”的功能。而装饰衣帽的玉佩饰也很流行。在工艺上，纹饰和雕刻手法多种多样，并且受绘画、织绣和雕漆等工艺的影响，追求精雕细琢装饰美的艺术风格。
In the Ming dynasty, jade articles were very popular, and there were a large variety of jade accessories. Among them, cloud-shaped ornaments, Huang (semi-annular pendants), Heng (bars), Di (water drop-shaped pendants) as well as jade pendants with flower, fruit, leaf and animal patterns were the most valued and also served ritual purposes. In this period, jade pendants decorating hats and dresses were also very popular. In terms of craftsmanship, various patterns and carving techniques were adopted. In addition, influenced by painting, weaving, lacquering and other crafts, the jade articles of the Ming dynasty are exquisitely carved and beautifully decorated.
金累丝镶玉嵌宝双鸾鸟牡丹分心 图/湖北省博物馆
串缀珠宝耳环 图/杨思颖
金累丝镶宝石青玉香瓜簪 图/湖北省博物馆
梁庄王墓出土玉器共23件（套），算上玉佩的串饰共有2599件。玉器种类有佩、佩饰、圭，器形制造精美、玲珑剔透，玉器风格清新、刚劲，棱角分明，具有较高的艺术价值。玉料主要使用的是质地细腻温润的新疆和田玉，有白玉、青白玉、青玉、碧玉等多种。这些玉多属朝廷工匠制作的玉礼器和佩饰，其纹样、形制都有定制，不少玉器都是明代玉器中的佳作，其中还有辽金元代时期的作品。
In the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang, 23 pieces (sets) of jade articles were unearthed. Counting the stringed ornaments of jade pendants, these jade articles add up to 2,599 pieces. They include pendants, accessories and Guitablets. Featuring beautiful shapes, exquisite craftsmanship, distinctive and vigorous styles, these jade articles are of great artistic value. They are mainly made of fine-textured Hetian jade from Xinjiang, including white jade, greenish white jade, grey jade and green jade. Most of these ritual jade articles and accessories were made by imperial craftsmen, and their patterns and shapes complied with the regulations of the time. Many of them are masterpieces of the Ming dynasty, and some of them are works of the Liao and Jin dynasties.
玉禁步 图/湖北省博物馆
07
瓷器
Porcelain objects
青花龙纹瓷钟 图/杨思颖
梁庄王墓随葬的瓷器共8件(套)，算上配件共有16件，有青花瓶、青花高足碗、描金龙纹高足碗等。瓷器有3件出自墓葬的前室，其余都出自后室。根据它们的出土位置和纹饰大都以龙纹为主题来看，瓷器多数是属于梁王的随葬品，仅1件瓷锺属于王妃的随葬品。墓中随葬的瓷器数量不多，种类只有瓶和锺，却颇具特色，科研价值很高。梁庄王墓出土的瓷器虽无款识，从墓葬年代和瓷器的形制、纹饰、釉色来看，应当是永乐、宣德时期的作品，个别的晚至正统时期。
Inthe tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang, 8 pieces (sets) of porcelain objects were unearthed. Counting accessories, they add up to 16 pieces, including blue-and-white porcelain vases, blue-and-white stem bowls and gilt bowls with dragon patters. Three of these porcelain objects were unearthed from the front coffin chamber, and the rest were unearthed from the back coffin chamber. Judging from their locations when they were unearthed and their dragon patterns, most of them were funerary objects of Prince Zhuang of Liang, and only one porcelain Zhong cup belonged to Lady Wei. Although not many porcelain objects were unearthed from the tomb and there are only two varieties of them, they are distinctive and of high value for scientific study. The porcelain objects unearthed from the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang do not have any inions, but their shapes, patterns and glaze colours as well as the burial time of the tomb show that they were probably works from the time of the reigns of Yongle and Xuande, and a few of them were made during the reign of Zhengtong.
08
密教法器
Ritual objects of Esoteric Buddhism
梁庄王墓出土了900余件法器，为藏传佛教密教文物。法器组合比较齐全，如像（神像）、字（种子字、咒语）、珠（佛珠）组合，是藏传佛教的供（像）、咒（字）、颂（珠）器具。背面刻有藏文的金“大黑天”舞姿神像、金翅鸟神像、镀金铜龛阿弥陀跏趺禅像、金时轮金刚咒牌、金种子字、金曼荼罗镶木佛珠、水晶佛珠、骨佛珠、白玉佛头、琥珀佛头、水晶佛珠佛头、小金轮、小银轮、金环、金箍、金刚杵等。这种较齐全的组合在以往的考古发掘中未曾见过。这批文物的发现为研究明朝前期社会意识、藏汉关系、密教在内地的传播都有着非常重要的价值。
In the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang, more than 900 ritual objects of Tibetan Esoteric Buddhism were unearthed. These ritual objects come in a variety of combinations, such as statues, seed-syllables (incantations) and Buddhist prayer beads. They include gold statues of dancing Mahakala with Tibetan characters carved on the back side, statues of Garuda Dhwaja, gold-plated statues of cross-legged Amitabha in bronze niches, gold mantra plates of Kalachakra, gold seed-syllables, Buddhist prayer beads of gold Mandalas inlaid with wood, crystal Buddhist prayer beads, bone Buddhist prayer beads, white jade Buddha heads, amber Buddha heads, crystal Buddhist prayer beads and Buddha heads, small gold wheels, small silver wheels, gold rings, gold hoops and Vajra pestles. Such complete combinations were not seen in previous archaeological excavations. These cultural relics are of great value for studying the social consciousness, relationship between Tibetan and Han Chinese and the spread of Esoteric Buddhism in the Yangtze River Basin in the early Ming dynasty.
09
郑和时代的见证
Witnesses of Zheng He's voyages
云形金累丝镶宝石掩鬓 图/湖北省博物馆
郑和是中国明代著名的航海家，他创下了带领庞大船队七次下西洋的伟大壮举。前后跨度达28年之久，航程最远曾到达非洲东岸、红海、麦加等地。每到一地，为了显示明朝的强大和友好，郑和都会赠给当地国王厚礼，如中国的丝绸、瓷器、铜铁器、金银等。同时，郑和船队也购买当地的特产象牙、宝石、珍珠、珊瑚、香料等，不仅扩大了海外贸易，也增进了中国与世界的相互了解。
Zheng He was a famous Chinese navigator of the Ming dynasty. Over a period of 28 years, he led a huge fleet on seven voyages to the Western seas and sailed as far as the east coast of Africa, the Red Sea and Mecca. Everywhere he went, to demonstrate the power and goodwill of the Ming dynasty, Zheng He would present local kings with generous gifts, such as silk, porcelain, bronze, iron, gold and silver objects. Meanwhile, Zheng He and his men also purchased local specialties such as ivory, gemstones, pearls, coral and spices, which not only expanded foreign trade but also enhanced mutual understanding between China and the rest of the world.
金镶宝石葫芦戒指 图/湖北省博物馆
金镶绿松石戒指图/湖北省博物馆
《瀛涯胜览》《星槎胜览》《西洋番国志》等史书上都有记载，郑和下西洋的目的地是忽鲁谟斯国，即今天波斯湾的霍尔木兹。这个地方出产名贵宝石，是当时东西方珠宝贸易的一个中心，各种各样的宝石都能在这里找到并交易。据记载，当年郑和船队在西洋购买了大量红宝石、蓝宝石、猫眼石、祖母绿等宝石，可郑和从西洋带回来的这些宝石究竟是什么样子，人们一直没有见到过。
According to historical books such as the Yingya Shenglan, Xingcha Shenglan and Xiyang Fanguo Zhi, the destination of Zheng He's voyages was the Kingdom of Hormoz, today's Hormuz in the Persian Gulf. This place produced precious gemstones and was a centre of East-West jewellery trade. Here, a wide variety of gemstones were available and could be traded. It was recorded that Zheng He and his men had purchased a large number of rubies, sapphires, opals, emeralds and other gemstones from foreign countries, but nobody had ever seen these precious stones.
金镶宝石绦环 图/湖北省博物馆
在梁庄王墓中出土的5300余件随葬品中，珠宝玉器就占了3500多件。宝石大都镶嵌在各种器物上，种类有18种：红宝石、蓝宝石、祖母绿、绿柱石、金绿宝石（猫眼）、东陵石、石英岩、石榴石、尖晶石、珍珠、辰砂、水晶、长石、锆石、琥珀、绿松石、玻璃等。其中红宝石175粒，蓝宝石147粒，祖母绿52粒，猫眼11粒，绿松石53粒，玛瑙56粒，石榴石1粒，东陵石和石英岩12粒，尖晶石4粒，琥珀93粒，珍珠2粒，水晶112粒。
In the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang, more than 5,300 funerary objects were unearthed, and over 3,500 of them are jewels and jade articles. The precious stones, which are mostly inlaid on various objects, cover 18 categories: rubies, sapphires, emeralds, beryls, chrysoberyls (cat's eyes), aventurines, quartzites, garnets, spinels, pearls, cinnabars, crystals, feldspars, zircons, ambers, turquoise and glass. They include 175 rubies, 147 sapphires, 52 emeralds, 11 cat's eyes, 53 pieces of turquoise, 56 agates, 1 garnet, 12 aventurines and quartzites, 4 spinels, 93 ambers, 2 pearls and 112 crystals.
一座墓内随葬如此之多的宝石，这在已发现的明代亲王墓中罕见。更令人惊叹的是，世界上五大著名宝石，除钻石外，其他四大名宝：红宝石、蓝宝石、祖母绿和猫眼，在梁庄王墓中都有发现，而且不乏精品。例如蓝宝石中有蓝色极优的品种，有在蓝宝石中少见的能发出金色光亮的金色品种，有近200克拉重的特大无色蓝宝石；金绿宝石多具猫眼效应，属于猫眼石；红宝石和蓝宝石中还有一些光泽度极好，具有星光效应。
It is rare for so many gemstones from a princely tomb of the Ming dynasty to be unearthed. More amazingly, except diamonds, four of the world's five most famous gemstones (rubies, sapphires, emeralds and cat's eyes) were unearthed from the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang, and many of them are of high quality. For example, some sapphires give out a rare golden brilliance; a leuco-sapphire weighs nearly 200 karats; most of the chrysoberyls provide a cat-eye effect; and some rubies and sapphires are very glossy and produce a starlight effect.
金累丝镶宝石牡丹花鬓钗 图/湖北省博物馆
从宝石的颜色和内含物等特征来看，四大名宝的产地都不在中国，还有许多其他宝石也带着浓郁的异国色彩，灿烂瑰异。考古人员请来中国地质大学珠宝鉴定专家对梁庄王墓出土的珠宝进行鉴定，除绿松石、珍珠的产地在中国外，其他宝石产地都不在中国，大概是在现在的南亚、东南亚、西亚、东非等地，比如红宝石、蓝宝石来自现在的斯里兰卡，但斯里兰卡不出产祖母绿，那祖母绿可能来自中非的某个国家，显然，这批宝石的产地在郑和时代的“西洋”一带。这不仅可以和文献记载相对应，科学的检测也可以肯定梁庄王墓出土的珠宝中绝大多数是由郑和下西洋从异域带回中国的。
Judging from their colours, elements and other characteristics, none of the four kinds of famous gemstones was produced in China, and many other gemstones also show strong exotic features and are resplendent. Archaeologists have invited experts from the China University of Geosciences to identify these precious stones. The identification results show that except for some pieces of turquoise and pearls that were produced in China, all the other gemstones were produced not in China, but probably in South Asia, Southeast Asia, West Asia and East Africa. For example, the rubies and sapphires were from today's Sri Lanka, and the emeralds, which are absent in nature in Sri Lanka, were probably from some country in Central Africa. Obviously, these gemstones were produced in 'Westernseas' lands in the era of Zheng He. These scientific identification results not only agree with historical records, but also confirm that a vast majority of these precious stones were brought back to China by Zheng He from foreign lands.
明代梁庄王时期，国力强大，经济繁荣，注重与各国的友好往来，明朝派郑和数次下西洋，扩大了与世界的交往，广罗了众多奢侈品，特别是满足了朝廷对宝石的需求。
In the period of Prince Zhuang of Liang, the Ming dynasty was powerful and prosperous and paid much attention to friendly exchanges with other countries. Zheng He's seven voyages to the Western seas expanded exchanges with the world, gathered a large number of luxury goods and, in particular, satisfied the imperial court's demand for precious stones.
梁庄王生前曾得到朝廷的大量赏赐，其中就包括郑和下西洋带回的这批异域珍宝。梁庄王和王妃死后没有儿子，所以这些珠宝全都陪葬了。这批珍贵文物的出土，不仅是中国明朝社会繁盛的缩影，也使郑和时代的瑰宝重见天日。
In his lifetime, Prince Zhuang of Liang received many rewards from the imperial court, including the exotic treasures brought back by Zheng He from the Western seas. Since Prince Zhuang of Liang and Lady Wei had no sons, all these jewels were buried when they died. These precious cultural relics epitomise the prosperity of China during the Ming dynasty, and their unearthing has brought to light treasures from the era of Zheng He.
10
金锭见证历史
Goldingots—witnessesof history
金锭 图/湖北文物
梁庄王墓中出土的金锭，是郑和下西洋的重要见证，它是目前中国考古发现有铭文记载与郑和下西洋有关的唯一一件出土文物。金锭出土有2件，形状为扁体弧端，束腰。左图这块金锭长13厘米，厚1厘米，重1937克。金锭正面铸有“永乐十七年（1419年）四月 日西洋等处买到 八成色金壹锭伍拾两重”的铭文，铭文中的“八成色金”与实际检测的含金量相符，金锭的含金量为83.24%；铭文中表明这枚金锭重量是“伍拾两重”，实重1937克；金锭铭文中的“西洋”则是区域名，泛指当时中国明朝南海以西的海洋，包括印度洋及其沿海地区。当时文献是以现在印度尼西亚的婆罗洲为界，以西为“西洋”，以东为“东洋”。
The gold ingots unearthed from the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang are important witnesses of Zheng He's voyages to the Western seas. They are the only cultural relics with inions about these voyages that have ever been discovered in archaeological excavations. These two gold ingots are flat with curved ends and thinner in the middle. The gold ingot on the left is 13 centimetres long and 1 centimetre thick and weighs 1,937 grams. The inion on its front side reads, 'This gold ingot was purchased from the Western seas in the fourth month of the seventeenth year of the reign of Yongle. It is made of eighty percent gold and weighs fifty taels.' Test results show that this ingot actually has a gold content of 83.24 percent and weighs 1,937 grams.The 'Westernseas' in the inion is a general Ming-dynasty reference to the oceans west of the South China Sea, including the Indian Ocean and its coastal regions. In historical records of that time, Borneo (in today'sIndonesia) was considered to be the divider of the 'Western' and 'Eastern' seas.
据《明实录·永乐实录》记载，郑和第五次下西洋的时间是永乐十五年（1417年）五月十六日至永乐十七年（1419年）七月十七日，这枚金锭上铭刻的“永乐十七年四月”，正是郑和第五次出使西洋的返回途中，那么这块金锭就是郑和从西洋返回途中用所买的一批黄金在宝船上制作的，回来后上缴朝廷，由于明朝亲王婚礼有朝廷赏赐“定亲礼物”金锭50两的制度，因此这件由郑和带回的金锭，可能就在梁庄王迎娶梁王妃时朝廷作为定亲礼物赏赐给他们了。铭文中的“买”字很重要，虽然永乐、宣德时期明王朝处于最鼎盛强大时期，但是郑和率领当时世界上规模最大的远洋船队下西洋，遵循明太祖朱元璋时期就制定了的睦邻友好祖训，他们与沿途的东南亚各国开展的是平等贸易，抵达之地从不恃强凌弱，物品都是买来的，展现了明王朝对外友好亲善的大国风范。
According to Yong Le Shi Lu of Ming Shi Lu, Zheng He's fifth voyage to the Western seas lasted from the 16th day of the 5th month in the 15th year of the reign of Yongle(1417) to the 17th day of the 7th month in the 17th year of the reign of Yongle(1419). The inion on this gold ingot says the 'fourth month of seventeenth year of the reign of Yongle', so it was cast on a ship when Zheng He was returning from his fifth voyage to the Western Oceans, and was turned in to the imperial court when the fleet returned to China. In the Ming dynasty, when a prince was getting married, the imperial court would give him a 50-tael gold ingot as a gift. Therefore, this gold ingot, which had been brought back by Zheng He, was probably given by the imperial court to Prince Zhuang of Liang and Lady Wei as a wedding gift. The word 'buy' in the inion is very important. During Yongle and Xuande reigns, the Ming dynasty was in its heyday. However, when Zheng He led the world's largest fleet to the Western seas, his men never used their strength to torment weaker countries. Following the idea of Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of Ming, to establish friendly relations with other countries, they carried out equal trade along the way and paid for everything that they brought back. They showed the world that the Ming dynasty was a friendly and amiable great power.
这件皇帝送给梁庄王的结婚礼品金锭，不仅是梁庄王和梁妃的婚姻见证，同时也是中国明朝著名航海家郑和下西洋的历史见证。在记载郑和下西洋的重要文献《瀛涯胜览》中，只有郑和船队在西洋购买珠宝的记载，并没有记载他在西洋购买黄金，因此，梁庄王墓金锭的发现，其重要意义是首次发现了与郑和下西洋有关的文物，它不仅是梁庄王墓中出土的珠宝来自郑和下西洋的可靠证据，也为明朝与西洋各国的朝贡贸易补充了宝贵的材料。
This gold ingot, as a wedding gift from the emperor to Prince Zhuang of Liang, witnessed not only the marriage of Prince Zhuang of Liang and Lade Wei but also Zheng He's voyages to the Western seas in the Ming dynasty. The Yingya Shenglan, an important book on these voyages, record show Zheng He and his men purchased precious stones in the Western seas but does not record their purchase of gold in these regions. The unearthing of this gold ingot from the tomb of Prince Zhuang of Liang is of great significance, because it is the first time that an artefact related to Zheng He's voyages to the Western seas has ever been discovered. This gold ingot is not only a reliable source of evidence that the precious stones unearthed from this tomb are from the Western seas, but also a valuable material for studying the tributary trade between the Ming dynasty and foreign lands.
编辑/楚小游
来源 /湖北文旅
来源：洞庭湖边那些事儿