摘要：结构变异在基因组中广泛存在，但其复杂性及其在反复驱动局部适应中的作用尚不明确。在这项研究中，我们利用单倍型基因组组装技术，揭示了竹节虫隐色模式的适应性分化是由反复出现结构变异所驱动的，而非简单染色体倒位。
编译｜李言
Science, 18 APR 2025, VOL 388, ISSUE 6744
《科学》2025年4月18日，第388卷，6744期
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生物学Biology
Adaptation repeatedly uses complex structural genomic variation
适应反复利用的复杂结构基因组变异
▲ 作者：Zachariah Gompert, Jeffrey L. Feder et al.
▲链接：
▲摘要：
结构变异在基因组中广泛存在，但其复杂性及其在反复驱动局部适应中的作用尚不明确。在这项研究中，我们利用单倍型基因组组装技术，揭示了竹节虫隐色模式的适应性分化是由反复出现结构变异所驱动的，而非简单染色体倒位。
我们发现，在两座山上的竹节虫种群的色模式差异与易位—倒位复合变异相关。两地的易位片段在大小和起源上存在差异，但部分重叠且涉及相同基因区域。
同时，该结构变异受歧化选择作用，且无需物种间基因渗入。这些结果阐明了结构变异的起源如何为适应性进化提供重复发生的分子机制。
▲ Abstract：
Structural elements are widespread across genomes, but their complexity and role in repeatedly driving local adaptation remain unclear. In this work, we use phased genome assemblies to show that adaptive divergence in cryptic color pattern in a stick insect is repeatedly underlain by structural variation, but not a simple chromosomal inversion. We found that color pattern in populations of stick insects on two mountains is associated with translocations that have also been inverted. These translocations differ in size and origin on each mountain, but they overlap partially and involve some of the same gene regions. Moreover, this structural variation is subject to divergent selection and arose without introgression between species. Our results show how the origin of structural variation provides a mechanism for repeated bouts of adaptation.
Deep-tissue transcriptomics and subcellular imaging at high spatial resolution
高空间分辨率的深层组织转录组学与亚细胞成像
▲ 作者：Valentina Gandin, Jun Kim et al.
▲链接：
▲摘要：
荧光显微镜有限的颜色通道长期制约着生物样本的空间分析。我们引入了周期杂交链反应（cycleHCR），通过将多轮DNA条形码编码与HCR系统结合突破这一技术瓶颈。CycleHCR利用统一条形码系统实现了RNA与蛋白质的高度多重成像。
全胚胎转录组成像在约310μm深度内完成三维基因表达与细胞命运图谱的精确构建。结合膨胀显微术后，cycleHCR能成功解析小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞中10种亚细胞结构的互作网络。
对海马组织切片的多重成像，揭示了基因表达梯度和细胞类型特异性核结构变异的复杂关联。cycleHCR为深层组织空间调控机制研究建立了定量分析框架，并具备临床诊断应用潜力。
▲ Abstract：
Limited color channels in fluorescence microscopy have long constrained spatial analysis in biological specimens. We introduce cycle hybridization chain reaction (cycleHCR), a method that integrates multicycle DNA barcoding with HCR to overcome this limitation. cycleHCR enables highly multiplexed imaging of RNA and proteins using a unified barcode system. Whole-embryo transcriptomics imaging achieved precise three-dimensional gene expression and cell fate mapping across a specimen depth of ~310 μm. When combined with expansion microscopy, cycleHCR revealed an intricate network of 10 subcellular structures in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In mouse hippocampal slices, multiplex RNA and protein imaging uncovered complex gene expression gradients and cell-type–specific nuclear structural variations. cycleHCR provides a quantitative framework for elucidating spatial regulation in deep tissue contexts for research and has potential diagnostic applications.
材料科学Materials Science
Perfect Coulomb drag and exciton transport in an excitonic insulator
激子绝缘体中的完美库仑阻力与激子输运
▲ 作者：Ruishi Qi, Andrew Y. Joe et al.
▲链接：
▲摘要：
强耦合电子—空穴双层体系可承载层间激子的量子态，如零磁场下的高温激子凝聚态。这一量子态应具有完美库仑阻力特征——当一层通电时，另一层会产生大小相等、方向相反的电流。
基于MoSe2/hBN/WSe2异质结体系，我们采用光学探测技术研究了关联电子—空穴双层的输运特性，在低温激子绝缘相中观测到完美库仑拖曳效应；层间激子逆流电阻保持有限值。
这些结果表明该体系形成了未凝聚为超流的激子气体。我们的研究证明动态光谱技术是研究关联电子—空穴流体中激子输运行为的强有力工具。
▲ Abstract：
Strongly coupled electron-hole bilayers can host quantum states of interlayer excitons, such as high-temperature exciton condensates at zero magnetic field. This state is predicted to feature perfect Coulomb drag, where a current in one layer is accompanied by an equal but opposite current in the other. We used an optical technique to probe the electrical transport of correlated electron-hole bilayers based on MoSe2/hBN/WSe2 heterostructures. We observed perfect Coulomb drag in the excitonic insulator phase at low temperatures; the counterflow resistance of interlayer excitons remained finite. These results indicate the formation of an exciton gas that does not condense into a superfluid. Our work demonstrates that dynamic optical spectroscopy provides a powerful tool for probing exciton transport behavior in correlated electron-hole fluids.
Fatigue of Li metal anode in solid-state batteries
固态电池中锂金属负极的疲劳机制
▲ 作者：Tengrui Wang, Bo Chen et al.
▲链接：
▲摘要：
固态锂金属电池（SSBs）因其高能量密度和增强的安全性，在电动汽车领域极具应用前景。然而，这些电池面临因循环过程中不可控的锂枝晶生长导致的短路问题的挑战。
通过原位扫描电镜和相场模拟，我们发现SSBs的失效与锂金属负极的疲劳行为密切相关——这种疲劳显著加剧了界面劣化和枝晶生长。力学分析表明，该疲劳行为遵循Coffin-Manson方程，证实其本质属性。
揭示疲劳的核心作用为理解SSBs失效机制提供了物理基础，也为延长电池寿命指明了新方向。
▲ Abstract：
Solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSBs) are promising for electric vehicles because of their potential to provide high energy density and enhanced safety. However, these batteries face short-circuit challenges caused by uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth during cycling. Using operando scanning electron microscopy and phase-field simulations, we determined that failure of SSBs is closely linked to the fatigue of the lithium metal anode, which markedly contributes to interface degradation and dendrite growth in SSBs. This fatigue follows the Coffin-Manson equation in mechanics, indicating that it is an innate characteristic. Clarifying the essential role of fatigue provides a physical basis for understanding failures of SSBs and paves the way to extending their lifespan.
天文学Astronomy
Carbonates identified by the Curiosity rover indicate a carbon cycle operated on ancient Mars
“好奇号”火星车探测到的碳酸盐矿物表明古代火星存在碳循环
▲ 作者：Benjamin M. Tutolo, Elisabeth M. Hausrath et al.
▲链接：
▲摘要：
古代火星曾存在地表液态水和富含二氧化碳的稠密大气层。这种大气会与地壳岩石相互作用，可能留下矿物学证据。我们利用"好奇号"火星车数据，分析了盖尔陨石坑89米厚地层剖面的组成。
我们发现铁碳酸盐矿物菱铁矿的含量达4.8—10.5 wt%，且与高水溶性盐类共生。我们推测，菱铁矿形成于水受限环境，由水—岩反应和蒸发作用驱动。与轨道数据对比显示，全球类似地层封存的二氧化碳相当于2.6—36毫巴大气压。
沉积物中的羟基氧化铁表明，古代火星存在部分闭合的碳循环，能将部分封存的二氧化碳重新释放回大气。这些发现为火星古气候演化提供了关键制约
▲ Abstract：
Ancient Mars had surface liquid water and a dense carbon dioxide (CO2)–rich atmosphere. Such an atmosphere would interact with crustal rocks, potentially leaving a mineralogical record of its presence. We analyzed the composition of an 89-meter stratigraphic section of Gale crater, Mars, using data collected by the Curiosity rover. An iron carbonate mineral, siderite, occurs in abundances of 4.8 to 10.5 weight %, colocated with highly water-soluble salts. We infer that the siderite formed in water-limited conditions, driven by water-rock reactions and evaporation. Comparison with orbital data indicates that similar strata (deposited globally) sequestered the equivalent of 2.6 to 36 millibar of atmospheric CO2. The presence of iron oxyhydroxides in these deposits indicates that a partially closed carbon cycle on ancient Mars returned some previously sequestered CO2 to the atmosphere.
来源：新浪财经