摘要:名词:分为可数名词(如book变books )和不可数名词(如water );名词所有格表示所属,如Tom's pen。
初中英语语法涵盖词类、句子结构、时态、从句等多个板块,是英语学习的关键基础。以下为你详细介绍:
一、词类基础
1. 名词:分为可数名词(如book变books )和不可数名词(如water );名词所有格表示所属,如Tom's pen。
2. 动词:句子核心,有时态、语态变化。
3. 形容词和副词:形容词修饰名词(a lovely dog),副词修饰动词(run fast),有比较级(taller)和最高级(tallest)。
4. 冠词:a/an是不定冠词(a university,an hour ),the是定冠词(the Great Wall)。
5. 介词:表示时间、地点等关系,如in 2024,at home,on the wall。
6. 代词:用来代替名词,如I、you、he、she等主格代词,以及me、you、him、her等宾格代词。
7. 数词:包括基数词(one、two、three)和序数词(first、second、third) ,基数词表数量,序数词表顺序。
二、句子类型
1. 陈述句:陈述事实或观点,分为肯定句(He plays football. )和否定句(He doesn't play basketball. )。
2. 疑问句
- 一般疑问句:用Yes/No回答,例如Is she a teacher?
- 特殊疑问句:由what、when、where等疑问词引导,例如Where do you live?
3. 祈使句:表达命令、请求或建议,如Sit down, please.
4. 感叹句:表达强烈情感,结构为What + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语!或How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语! 例如What a beautiful day! ;How fast he runs!
三、重要时态
1. 一般现在时:表示经常发生的动作(I often read books. )或客观真理(Light travels faster than sound. ),动词形式根据主语变化(I play,he plays)。
2. 一般过去时:描述过去发生的动作,动词用过去式,如I went to the zoo yesterday. 规则动词通常加 -ed,不规则动词需特殊记忆(go - went,see - saw)。
3. 一般将来时:表示未来动作,结构为will + 动词原形(I will go to school tomorrow. )或be going to + 动词原形(He is going to visit his grandparents. )。
4. 现在进行时:表示正在进行的动作,结构是am/is/are + 动词 -ing,如She is doing her homework now.
5. 过去进行时:表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作,结构为was/were + 动词 -ing,例如He was watching TV at 8 o'clock last night.
6. 现在完成时:强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响,结构是have/has + 过去分词,如I have seen the film.(我已经看过这部电影了,所以现在对电影内容有所了解)
四、从句知识
1. 宾语从句:跟在动词、介词或形容词后,用于表达想法、感受等。引导词有that(陈述句,可省略)、if/whether(一般疑问句)、特殊疑问词(特殊疑问句) ;从句要用陈述语序,例如:
- I think (that)he is a good student.
- She asked if/whether it would rain tomorrow.
- Do you know where he lives?
2. 定语从句:修饰名词或代词,关系代词有who(指人,作主语)、whom(指人,作宾语)、whose(指人或物,表所属)、that(指人或物)、which(指物);关系副词有when(表时间)、where(表地点)、why(表原因),例如:
- The girl who is singing is my sister.
- This is the book which/that I bought yesterday.
- I still remember the day when I met him.
3. 状语从句:根据用途分为时间(When I grow up, I will be a doctor. )、地点(Put the book where it was. )、原因(I didn't go to school because I was ill. )、条件(If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home. )、结果(He worked hard so that he passed the exam. )、目的(I get up early in order that I can catch the first bus. )等状语从句 。
五、其他要点
1. 连词:连接单词、短语或句子,如and(和)、but(但是)、or(或者)、because(因为)、although(虽然)。
2. 被动语态:强调动作承受者,结构是be + 过去分词,时态变化体现在be动词上,例如:
- 一般现在时:The bike is repaired by him.
- 一般过去时:The house was built in 2000.
来源:优美教育