摘要：The decision on Wednesday from the Court of International Trade blocked one of the Trump administration’s mostaudacious assertions
1.原文
国际贸易法院裁定特朗普全球关税无效
多家企业和多个州已对政府提起诉讼，称总统无权征收这些关税。
Trade Court Strikes Down Trump’s Global Tariffs
Businesses and states had sued the government, saying the president didn’t have the authority to impose the levies
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A federal trade court ruled President Trump didn’t have the authority to impose sweeping tariffs on virtually every nation, voiding the levies that have sparked a global trade war and threatened to upend the world economy.
The decision on Wednesday from the Court of International Trade blocked one of the Trump administration’s most audacious assertions of executive power, under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act of 1977. Shortly after the decision was handed down, lawyers for the Trump administration notified the court they will appeal.
“The court does not read IEEPA to confer such unbounded authority and sets aside the challenged tariffs imposed thereunder,” a three-judge panel wrote.
Trump has used IEEPA to underpin most of his second-term tariffs—from duties on Canada, Mexico and China imposed over fentanyl smuggling to the far-reaching reciprocal tariffs levied in early April on virtually every U.S. trading partner. Trump later paused the reciprocal tariffs for 90 days to allow for negotiations.
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1.1 翻译
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一家联邦贸易法院裁定，特朗普总统无权对几乎所有国家征收大规模关税，宣布这些已引发全球贸易战并可能颠覆世界经济的关税无效。
国际贸易法院周三的这一裁决，否决了特朗普政府依据 1977 年《国际紧急经济权力法》（IEEPA）对行政权力最大胆的主张之一。裁决宣布后不久，特朗普政府的律师便通知法院将提出上诉。
“法院认为，IEEPA 并未授予如此不受限制的权力，并撤销了据此征收的有争议的关税，” 一个由三名法官组成的小组写道。
特朗普利用 IEEPA 为其第二任期的大部分关税提供法律依据 —— 从因芬太尼走私对加拿大、墨西哥和中国征收的关税，到 4 月初对几乎所有美国贸易伙伴广泛征收的互惠关税。特朗普后来将互惠关税暂停 90 天，以允许进行谈判。
1.2 重点详解
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sweeping tariffs音标：/ˈswiːpɪŋ ˈtærɪfs/用法：“sweeping” 意为 “大范围的；全面的”，常用来形容政策、措施等具有广泛影响。“tariffs” 指 “关税”。两者搭配表示 “大规模关税”“全面关税”，强调征收范围广、力度大。例句：The government announced sweeping tariffs on imported electronics.（政府宣布对进口电子产品征收全面关税。）voiding the levies音标：/ˈvɔɪdɪŋ ðə ˈleviz/用法：“voiding” 是动词 “void” 的现在分词，意为 “使无效；作废”，常用于法律语境。“levies” 指 “征税；税款”，此处指代 “关税”。“voiding the levies” 即 “宣布关税无效”。例句：The court ruled to void the controversial tax levies.（法院裁定取消有争议的税收。）upend the world economy音标：/ʌpˈend ðə wɜːrld ɪˈkɒnəmi/用法：“upend” 意为 “颠覆；使混乱”，强调彻底打乱原有秩序。“upend the world economy” 即 “颠覆世界经济”，形容对全球经济体系造成严重冲击。例句：A sudden Oil crisis could upend the global economy.（突发石油危机可能颠覆全球经济。）audacious assertions of executive power“audacious” 意为 “大胆的；鲁莽的”，此处指主张具有突破性或争议性。“assertions” 指 “主张；断言”，常与 “权力”“权利” 搭配（如 “assertions of power”）。“executive power” 指 “行政权力”。音标：/ɔːˈdeɪʃəs əˈsɜːrʃnz əv ɪɡˈzekjətɪv ˈpaʊər/用法：整体意为 “对行政权力大胆的主张”，指政府对自身权力范围的扩张性解释。under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act of 1977音标：/ˈʌndər ðə ˌɪntərˈnæʃnəl ɪˈmɜːrdʒənsi iˈkɑːnəmɪk ˈpaʊərz ækt əv 1977/用法：“under” 在此表示 “依据（法律、条款等）”，相当于 “in accordance with”。该词组表明政策的法律依据是 1977 年《国际紧急经济权力法》（IEEPA），该法案赋予总统在国家紧急状态下调控国际经济交易的权力。handed down音标：/hændɪd daʊn/用法：固定短语，意为 “宣布（判决、裁决等）”，尤指法院正式作出决定。例句：The Supreme Court handed down its decision on the case.（最高法院宣布了对此案的裁决。）underpin most of his second-term tariffs“underpin” 意为 “支持；为…… 提供基础”，此处指为政策提供法律或理论依据。“second-term tariffs” 指 “第二任期内的关税”，“term” 表示 “任期”。音标：/ˌʌndərˈpɪn moʊst əv hɪz ˈsekənd tɜːrm ˈtærɪfs/用法：整体意为 “为其第二任期的大部分关税提供法律依据”。duties on Canada, Mexico and China imposed over fentanyl smuggling“duties” 与 “tariffs” 近义，指 “关税”。“imposed over...” 意为 “因…… 而征收”，“over” 表示原因，相当于 “because of”。“fentanyl smuggling” 指 “芬太尼走私”，“smuggling” 为 “走私活动”。音标：/ˈdjuːtiz ɒn ˈkænədə ˈmeksɪko ənd ˈtʃaɪnə ɪmˈpoʊzd ˈoʊvər ˈfentənɪl ˈsmʌɡlɪŋ/用法：整意为 “因芬太尼走私对加拿大、墨西哥和中国征收的关税”。far-reaching reciprocal tariffs“far-reaching” 意为 “影响深远的；广泛的”，形容政策效果波及范围广。“reciprocal” 意为 “互惠的；相互的”，“reciprocal tariffs” 指 “互惠关税”（即一国对另一国商品征收关税时，另一国采取相应报复性措施）。音标：/fɑːr ˈriːtʃɪŋ rɪˈsɪprəkl ˈtærɪfs/用法：合指 “影响广泛的互惠关税”。paused the reciprocal tariffs for 90 days音标：/pɔːzd ðə rɪˈsɪprəkl ˈtærɪfs fɔːr 90 deɪz/用法：“paused” 意为 “暂停；中止”，强调暂时停止执行。“for 90 days” 表示时间段。该短语指 “将互惠关税暂停 90 天”，体现政策的临时性调整。2.原文
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U.S. stock-index futures rose sharply Wednesday evening following the ruling. Futures on the S&P 500 rose 1.4%, while those on the Dow Jones Industrial Average added 1.1%. In Asia, Japan’s Nikkei Stock Average rose 1.2%.
The order blows a hole in global trade talks, already under way with more than a dozen nations, which began after the reciprocal tariffs were imposed. It also throws into question recent agreements with the U.K. and China.
Congress typically holds responsibility over tariffs but has delegated many powers to the president over decades. When he imposed the levies in April, Trump said the ongoing U.S. trade deficit had created a national emergency that has hobbled the economy and posed an unusual and extraordinary threat.
Wednesday’s ruling said it would be unconstitutional for Congress to delegate “unbounded tariff power” to the president. “An unlimited delegation of tariff authority would constitute an improper abdication of legislative power to another branch of government,” the court said. Congress placed limits in IEEPA, restricting when and how a president could place levies, the ruling said.
The panel also said the U.S. trade deficit didn’t fit the law’s definition of an unusual and extraordinary threat.
2.1 翻译
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周三晚间，该裁决公布后，美国股市指数期货大幅上涨。标普 500 指数期货上涨 1.4%，道琼斯工业平均指数期货上涨 1.1%。在亚洲，日本日经股票平均指数上涨 1.2%。
这一裁决给已与十多个国家进行的全球贸易谈判造成了冲击，这些谈判是在互惠关税征收后启动的。它还使最近与英国和中国达成的协议受到质疑。
国会通常负责关税事务，但几十年来已将许多权力 delegated 给总统。特朗普在 4 月征收关税时表示，美国持续的贸易逆差已造成国家紧急状态，阻碍了经济发展，并构成了不寻常和特殊的威胁。 周三的裁决称，国会将 “无限制的关税权力” delegated 给总统是违宪的。法院表示：“无限制地 delegated 关税权力将构成立法权向政府另一分支的不当放弃。” 裁决称，国会在《国际紧急经济权力法》中设定了限制，规定了总统何时以及如何征收关税。
该小组还表示，美国贸易逆差不符合法律对 “不寻常和特殊威胁” 的定义。
2.2 重点详解
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rose sharply音标：/roʊz ˈʃɑːrpli/用法：“sharply” 意为 “急剧地；大幅地”，修饰动词 “rose”（上涨），强调涨幅之大。例句：Oil prices rose sharply after the supply disruption.（供应中断后油价大幅上涨。）blows a hole in音标：/bloʊz ə hoʊl ɪn/用法：固定短语，字面意为 “在…… 上炸出一个洞”，引申为 “严重破坏；使…… 陷入困境”，常用于形容对计划、谈判等的冲击。例句：The new policy blows a hole in the company’s expansion plans.（新政策严重打乱了公司的扩张计划。）under way音标：/ˈʌndər weɪ/用法：短语意为 “进行中”，相当于 “in progress”，描述活动、进程已启动并持续。例句：Preparations for the conference are already under way.（会议筹备工作已在进行中。）delegated many powers to the president“delegate” 意为 “授权；委托”，指将权力转移给他人行使。“delegate powers to sb.” 为固定搭配，意为 “将权力 delegated 给某人”。音标：/ˈdeləɡeɪtɪd ˈmeni ˈpaʊərz tuː ðə ˈprezɪdənt/用法：例句：The legislature delegated authority to the agency to regulate emissions.（立法机构授权该机构管理排放事务。）ongoing U.S. trade deficit“ongoing” 意为 “持续的；不间断的”，修饰 “trade deficit”（贸易逆差）。“trade deficit” 指 “贸易逆差”（进口额超过出口额的差额）。音标：/ˈɑːnɡoʊɪŋ juː ˌes ˈtreɪd ˈdefɪsɪt/用法：例句：The country’s ongoing trade deficit has raised concerns about economic stability.（该国持续的贸易逆差引发了对经济稳定的担忧。）hobbled the economy音标：/ˈhɑːbld ðə ɪˈkɑːnəmi/用法：“hobble” 本意为 “跛行”，引申为 “阻碍；使陷入困境”，强调对发展的严重制约。例句：Labor shortages have hobbled the manufacturing sector.（劳动力短缺阻碍了制造业发展。）unconstitutional音标：/ˌʌnˌkɑːnstɪˈtuːʃənl/用法：形容词，意为 “违宪的”，指与宪法条款相抵触。例句：The court ruled the law unconstitutional.（法院裁定该法律违宪。）abdication of legislative power“abdication” 意为 “放弃（权力）”，尤指正式或重大的权力让渡。“legislative power” 指 “立法权”。音标：/ˌæbdɪˈkeɪʃn əv ˌledʒɪsˈleɪtɪv ˈpaʊər/用法：整体意为 “立法权的放弃”，指国会未能履行宪法赋予的立法职责。restricting when and how a president could place levies“restricting” 为 “限制”，后接宾语从句 “when and how...”，表示对总统行使权力的时间和方式进行约束。“place levies” 与 “impose tariffs” 同义，指 “征收关税”。音标：/rɪˈstrɪktɪŋ wen ənd haʊ ə ˈprezɪdənt kʊd pleɪs ˈleviz/用法：例句：The policy restricts how companies can use customer data.（该政策限制了公司使用客户数据的方式。）fit the law’s definition of音标：/fɪt ðə lɔːz ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn əv/用法：“fit” 意为 “符合；适合”，“definition of” 指 “…… 的定义”。该短语表示 “与法律对…… 的定义相符”。例句：The action fits the legal definition of fraud.（该行为符合法律对欺诈的定义。）3.原文
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The Trump tariffs led to several challenges in the Court of International Trade and in federal courts around the country. The trade court, which has nationwide jurisdiction over tariffs and trade disputes, was the first to rule on requests for injunctions after holding hearings in two cases. Appeals from the court are heard by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and ultimately the Supreme Court.
White House spokesman Kush Desai said in response to the ruling that the trade deficit had weakened the country.
“It is not for unelected judges to decide how to properly address a national emergency,” Desai said. “President Trump pledged to put America first, and the administration is committed to using every lever of executive power to address this crisis and restore American Greatness.”
New York-based wine importer V.O.S. Selections and four other small businesses were the plaintiffs in one of the cases before the trade court. Another was filed by Oregon, New York and 10 other states, which additionally challenged tariffs that Trump said he imposed on Canada and Mexico to stop illicit drugs and illegal immigrants from coming into the U.S.
The plaintiffs in both cases said no other president had ever invoked IEEPA to impose tariffs, because nothing in the law authorizes such power. There is also no emergency, they said, noting that the U.S. trade deficit has existed for decades without creating an economic crisis.
3.1 翻译
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特朗普的关税政策在国际贸易法院和全国联邦法院引发了多起质疑。这家对关税和贸易争端拥有全国管辖权的贸易法院，在就两起案件举行听证会之后，首次就禁令申请作出裁决。对该法院裁决的上诉由美国联邦巡回上诉法院审理，最终可上诉至最高法院。
白宫发言人库什・德赛在回应裁决时表示，贸易逆差削弱了美国国力。
“如何妥善应对国家紧急状态不应由未经选举的法官决定，” 德赛称，“特朗普总统承诺将美国利益置于首位，政府致力于动用行政权力的所有手段来应对这场危机，重振美国的伟大。”
总部位于纽约的葡萄酒进口商 V.O.S. Selections 及其他四家小企业是贸易法院审理的其中一起案件的原告。另一起案件由俄勒冈州、纽约州及其他 10 个州提起，这些州还对特朗普称其为阻止非法药物和非法移民进入美国而对加拿大、墨西哥征收的关税提出质疑。
两起案件的原告均表示，此前从未有总统援引《国际紧急经济权力法》（IEEPA）来征收关税，因为该法律未授权此类权力。他们还指出，不存在紧急状态，美国的贸易逆差已存在数十年，并未引发经济危机。
3.2 重点详解
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nationwide jurisdiction“nationwide” 意为 “全国范围的”，修饰 “jurisdiction”（管辖权）。“jurisdiction” 指 “司法管辖权；管辖范围”，强调法院审理特定类型案件的权力范围。音标：/ˌneɪʃnˈwaɪd ˌdʒʊrɪsˈdɪkʃn/用法：例句：The federal court has nationwide jurisdiction over patent disputes.（联邦法院对专利纠纷拥有全国管辖权。）rule on requests for injunctions“rule on” 意为 “对…… 作出裁决”，后接具体事项。“injunctions” 指 “禁令”（法院命令某人做或停止做某事的法律文件）。音标：/ruːl ɑːn rɪˈkwestz fɔːr ɪnˈdʒʌŋkʃnz/用法：整体意为 “就禁令申请作出裁决”，指法院对当事人请求发布禁令的案件进行审理并判决。appeals from the court音标：/əˈpiːlz frəm ðə kɔːrt/用法：“appeals” 为 “上诉”，指对下级法院判决不服而向上级法院请求重新审理。“appeals from the court” 指 “来自该法院的上诉案件”。例句：Appeals from state courts are often heard by higher tribunals.（州法院的上诉案件通常由上级法院审理。）ultimately the Supreme Court音标：/ˈʌltɪmətli ðə suːˈpriːm kɔːrt/用法：“ultimately” 意为 “最终”，强调流程的最后阶段。美国司法体系中，最高法院（Supreme Court）是终审法院，可受理联邦巡回上诉法院的上诉案件。pledged to put America first“pledged” 为 “承诺；发誓”，后接不定式 “to do”。“put America first” 是特朗普政府的标志性口号，意为 “美国优先”，强调将美国利益置于其他国家之上的政策导向。音标：/pledʒd tuː pʊt əˈmerɪkə fɜːrst/用法：using every lever of executive power“lever” 本意为 “杠杆”，引申为 “手段；工具”，“every lever” 表示 “所有手段”。“executive power” 指 “行政权力”，此处指总统行使的行政职权。音标：/ˈjuːzɪŋ ˈevri ˈlevər əv ɪɡˈzekjətɪv ˈpaʊər/用法：整意为 “动用行政权力的所有手段”，强调全面利用总统职权。plaintiffs in one of the cases音标：/ˈpleɪntɪfs ɪn wʌn əv ðə ˈkeɪsɪz/用法：“plaintiffs” 为 “原告”（提起诉讼的一方），与 “defendants”（被告）相对。“plaintiffs in a case” 即 “案件的原告”。例句：The plaintiffs argued that the policy violated their rights.（原告主张该政策侵犯了他们的权利。）filed by Oregon, New York and 10 others states“filed” 为 “提起（诉讼）”，“file a case” 即 “提起诉讼”。“others” 在此处应为 “other”（形容词，“其他的”），修饰 “states”，即 “其他 10 个州”。音标：/faɪld baɪ ˈɔːrɪɡən njuː ˈyɔːrk ənd 10 ˈʌðər steɪts/用法：整句指 “由俄勒冈州、纽约州及其他 10 个州提起（的案件）”。additionally challenged tariffs音标：/əˈdɪʃənəli ˈtʃælɪndʒd ˈtærɪfs/用法：“additionally” 意为 “此外；额外”，表示在原有诉求之外新增质疑。“challenged tariffs” 指 “对关税提出质疑”（通过法律程序反对关税合法性）。invoked IEEPA to impose tariffs“invoked” 意为 “援引；调用”，指引用法律、条文作为依据。“IEEPA” 即《国际紧急经济权力法》，“invoke IEEPA” 指 “援引该法律”。音标：/ɪnˈvoʊkt idʒiːpiːˈeɪ tuː ɪmˈpoʊz ˈtærɪfs/用法：例句：The president invoked a wartime law to justify the action.（总统援引战时法律为该行动辩护。）4.原文
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“This is a major victory for working families, businesses, and the rule of law,” New York Attorney General Letitia James said in a statement about the ruling. “The president cannot ignore the Constitution and impose massive tax hikes on the American people.”
If upheld, the ruling means the Trump administration must find another justification for its global tariffs. The administration has previously contemplated imposing duties under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, which allows for tariffs that counter unfair foreign trade practices. That is the provision Trump used to underpin his first-term tariffs on China and is considered to be on firmer legal footing than IEEPA.
The “Liberation Day” tariffs placed 10% levies on every nation. Trump imposed even higher rates on many countries he deemed “bad actors,” but later announced a 90-day pause on those duties. Trump ratcheted up tariffs on China to as high as 145% and then lowered them again to 30%.
Justice Department attorneys said that the tariffs were necessary to address a U.S. trade deficit that had increased by 40% in the last five years. The deficit, they said, has had a cumulative effect on the country’s economy, threatening its supply chain, manufacturing and military preparedness.
During hearings on the cases, the three-judge panel parsed the language of IEEPA while grilling the government and the plaintiffs over the court’s role in the dispute and pressing them on a way to determine whether a national emergency truly existed.
4.1 翻译
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纽约州总检察长莱蒂西亚・詹姆斯就该裁决发表声明称：“这对工薪家庭、企业和法治而言是重大胜利。总统不能无视宪法，对美国人民强加巨额增税。”
如果维持原判，意味着特朗普政府必须为其全球关税寻找其他法律依据。政府此前曾考虑依据 1974 年《贸易法》第 301 条征收关税，该条款允许针对不公平外国贸易做法征收关税。这正是特朗普在第一任期内对中国加征关税所依据的条款，且被认为比《国际紧急经济权力法》（IEEPA）具有更坚实的法律基础。
“解放日” 关税对所有国家征收 10% 的税款。特朗普对许多他认定为 “不良行为者” 的国家加征了更高税率的关税，但后来宣布暂停这些关税 90 天。特朗普曾将对中国的关税提高至 145%，随后又降至 30%。
司法部律师表示，关税是应对美国贸易逆差的必要手段，该逆差在过去五年中增加了 40%。他们称，贸易逆差对美国经济产生了累积效应，威胁到供应链、制造业和军事准备。
在案件听证会上，由三名法官组成的小组仔细剖析了《国际紧急经济权力法》的措辞，同时就法院在争端中的角色向政府和原告提出尖锐质疑，并要求他们说明如何判定国家紧急状态是否真实存在。
4.2 重点详解
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upheld音标：/ʌpˈhɛld/用法：动词 “uphold” 的过去分词，意为 “维持；支持”，尤指上级法院维持下级法院的判决。例句：The Supreme Court upheld the lower court's decision.（最高法院维持了下级法院的判决。）justification音标：/ˌdʒʌstɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/用法：名词，意为 “正当理由；法律依据”，指行动或政策的合法性基础。例句：The company provided no justification for the price increase.（公司未对涨价作出合理解释。）contemplated imposing duties under Section 301“contemplated” 意为 “考虑；打算”，后接动名词形式。“imposing duties” 指 “征收关税”；“Section 301” 是美国《贸易法》中的条款，允许政府对 “不公平贸易行为” 采取报复性措施。音标：/ˈkɑːntempleɪtɪd ɪmˈpoʊzɪŋ ˈdjuːtiz ˈʌndər ˈsekʃn 301/用法：例句：The agency is contemplating new regulations to protect consumers.（该机构正考虑制定新法规以保护消费者。）counter unfair foreign trade practices“counter” 意为 “对抗；抵消”，此处指通过关税回应外国的不公平贸易行为。“unfair foreign trade practices” 指 “不公平的外国贸易做法”（如倾销、知识产权侵权等）。音标：/ˈkaʊntər ʌnˈfer ˈfɔːrən treɪd ˈpræktɪsɪz/用法：例句：The tariffs were designed to counter subsidies given to foreign manufacturers.（这些关税旨在对抗外国制造商获得的补贴。）on firmer legal footing音标：/ɑːn ˈfɜːrmər ˈliːɡl ˈfʊtɪŋ/用法：固定短语，意为 “在更坚实的法律基础上”，“footing” 表示 “基础；依据”。例句：The new policy is on a firmer legal footing than its predecessor.（新政策比先前的政策有更坚实的法律依据。）deemed “bad actors”“deemed” 为 “认为；判定”，被动语态结构 “be deemed + 名词 / 形容词” 表示 “被认定为……”。“bad actors” 指 “不良行为者”，此处指被美国政府认定为存在不公平贸易行为的国家。音标：/diːmd bæd ˈæktərz/用法：例句：The company was deemed a security threat.（该公司被认定为安全威胁。）ratcheted up tariffs音标：/ˈrætʃətɪd ʌp ˈtærɪfs/用法：“ratchet up” 为短语动词，意为 “逐步提高；大幅增加”，尤指通过阶段性调整使水平上升。例句：The government ratcheted up taxes on luxury goods.（政府大幅提高了奢侈品税。）cumulative effect音标：/ˈkjuːmjələtɪv ɪˈfekt/用法：名词短语，意为 “累积效应”，指多个因素或行为长期共同作用产生的效果。例句：Years of stress had a cumulative effect on her health.（多年的压力对她的健康产生了累积影响。）military preparedness音标：/ˈmɪlɪteri prɪˈperdnəs/用法：意为 “军事准备；战备状态”，指国家为应对战争或冲突所做的军事准备工作。例句：The country has increased spending on military preparedness.（该国增加了战备开支。）parsed the language of IEEPA“parsed” 意为 “仔细剖析；分析”，指对法律条文的措辞进行细致解读。“language of IEEPA” 指《国际紧急经济权力法》的具体条文表述。音标：/pɑːrsd ðə ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ əv idʒiːpiːˈeɪ/用法：例句：The lawyer parsed the contract language to find loopholes.（律师仔细分析合同措辞以寻找漏洞。）grilling the government and the plaintiffs音标：/ˈɡrɪlɪŋ ðə ˈɡʌvərnmənt ənd ðə ˈpleɪntɪfs/用法：“grill” 意为 “严厉质问；盘问”，强调在法庭上通过尖锐问题追究细节。例句：The judge grilled the witness about inconsistencies in their testimony.（法官就证人证词中的矛盾之处进行了严厉质问。）pressing them on a way to determine音标：/ˈpresɪŋ ðəm ɒn ə weɪ tuː dɪˈtɜːrmɪn/用法：“press” 意为 “逼迫；催促”，“press sb. on sth.” 指就某问题迫使对方作出解释。例句：The committee pressed the CEO on the company's environmental record.（委员会就公司的环境记录向首席执行官施压。）5.原文
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Brian Marshall, a lawyer for the Oregon attorney general’s office, said at a hearing for the states’ case that Trump’s tariffs were unprecedented and untenable.
“The government argues that so long as the president says he’s confronting an unusual and extraordinary threat that he can set tariffs of any amount from any country for any length of time, and no court may review it,” Marshall said during the hearing. “That’s a position that no court has ever embraced and, until this year, power no president has ever asserted.”
Justice Department attorney Brett Shumate conceded at one of the hearings that the court has the power to decide whether the language in IEEPA grants the president the authority to impose tariffs. However, that’s where the judiciary’s role ends, he said.
“It is not for the role of the court to decide whether the president has appropriately used that authority,” Shumate said. Whether a true emergency existed is a political question for the executive and legislative branches to decide. IEEPA includes checks that allow Congress—not a judge—to review the president’s conclusions and actions, he said.
The judges were skeptical of Trump’s unilateral actions. During one hearing, Judge Janet Restani posed a question of whether that meant the president could declare an emergency over a national shortage of peanut butter, an inconvenience to some but not necessarily a crisis.
“Peanut butter becomes a political question,” she said.
Jeffrey Schwab, a lawyer for the plaintiffs in the V.O.S. case, said the court has the power to review the legitimacy of Trump’s tariffs. He acknowledged a court at times might have difficulty determining what is and isn’t a national emergency, but not in this matter. “This case is so far outside of what an emergency is and what is unusual and extraordinary,” he said.
National security tariffs imposed on products like steel and aluminum, as well as similar duties planned on sectors like lumber and semiconductors, are justified under a different law and wouldn’t be affected by the ruling.
5.1 翻译
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俄勒冈州总检察长办公室律师布莱恩・马歇尔在该州相关案件的听证会上指出，特朗普政府的关税政策堪称史无前例且站不住脚。
“政府辩称，只要总统声称自己在应对某种不寻常且特殊的威胁，就可以对任何国家、以任何金额、在任何时间内设置关税，且任何法院均无权审查，” 马歇尔在听证会上表示，“这种立场从未被任何法院认可，且直至今年，从未有总统主张过此类权力。”
司法部律师布雷特・舒梅特在其中一场听证中承认，法院有权判定《国际紧急经济权力法》（IEEPA）条文是否赋予总统征收关税的权力。但他强调，司法机构的职能仅限于此。
“法院的职责并非判断总统是否合理行使了该权力，” 舒梅特称，“是否存在真正的紧急状态，属于应由行政和立法部门决定的政治问题。” 他指出，IEEPA 设定的制衡机制允许国会（而非法官）审查总统的结论与行动。
法官们对特朗普的单边行动持怀疑态度。在一场听证中，法官珍妮特・雷斯塔尼抛出假设：“这是否意味着总统可因全国花生酱短缺 —— 某种仅造成不便而非危机的情况 —— 宣布紧急状态？”
“花生酱成了政治问题，” 她说道。
V.O.S. 案原告律师杰弗里・施瓦布则认为，法院有权审查特朗普关税政策的合法性。他承认，法院有时可能难以界定国家紧急状态的范畴，但本案显然超出了 “紧急状态” 及 “不寻常且特殊威胁” 的定义。
依据另一法律条款对钢铁、铝等产品征收的国家安全关税，以及计划对木材、半导体等行业加征的类似关税，因法律依据不同，不受此次裁决影响。
5.2 重点详解
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unprecedented音标：/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/用法：形容词，意为 “前所未有的；空前的”，强调某事物从未发生过或不存在先例。例句：The pandemic caused unprecedented disruptions to global trade.（疫情对全球贸易造成了前所未有的冲击。）untenable音标：/ʌnˈtenəbl/用法：形容词，意为 “站不住脚的；无法维持的”，通常指论点、立场或局面缺乏合理性或稳定性。例句：The company’s financial position became untenable after the market crash.（市场崩盘后，公司的财务状况变得无法维持。）confronting an unusual and extraordinary threat“confronting” 意为 “应对；面对”，后接威胁、挑战等名词。“unusual and extraordinary threat” 对应 IEEPA 中 “不寻常和特殊的威胁”，是总统行使紧急经济权力的法定前提。音标：/kənˈfrʌntɪŋ ən ʌnˈjuːʒuəl ənd ɪkˈstrɔːrdəneri θret/用法：例句：The government is confronting a threat to national security.（政府正在应对一场国家安全威胁。）embraced音标：/ɪmˈbreɪst/用法：动词 “embrace” 的过去分词，意为 “接受；拥护”，此处指法院认可某种法律立场。例句：The court embraced the new legal interpretation.（法院接受了新的法律解释。）conceded音标：/kənˈsiːdd/用法：动词 “concede” 的过去分词，意为 “承认（某事属实或合理）”，尤指在争论中勉强承认对方观点。例句：The opposing side conceded that their evidence was insufficient.（对方承认其证据不足。）political question音标：/pəˈlɪtɪkl ˈkwestʃən/用法：法律术语，指属于行政或立法部门权限范围内的政治决策问题，法院通常拒绝审查此类问题（基于 “政治问题原则”）。例句：The court dismissed the case as a political question.（法院以政治问题为由驳回了此案。）judiciary’s role音标：/dʒuːˈdɪʃieri zəʊl/用法：“judiciary” 指 “司法机构”，“role” 表示 “职能；作用”。整体指法院在法律体系中的职责范围。例句：The judiciary’s role is to interpret and apply the law.（司法机构的职责是解释和适用法律。）unilateral actions音标：/ˌjuːnɪˈlætərəl ˈækʃnz/用法：“unilateral” 意为 “单边的；单方面的”，“actions” 指 “行动”。此处指总统未经国会或国际协商的单独行动。例句：The country’s unilateral withdrawal from the treaty sparked controversy.（该国单方面退出条约引发了争议。）posed a question音标：/poʊzd ə ˈkwestʃən/用法：“pose” 意为 “提出（问题）”，尤指为引发讨论或思考而提出假设性问题。例句：The professor posed a challenging question to the class.（教授向全班提出了一个具有挑战性的问题。）legitimacy音标：/lɪˈdʒɪtɪməsi/用法：名词，意为 “合法性；正当性”，指行为或权力是否符合法律或公认准则。例句：The protesters questioned the legitimacy of the election results.（抗议者质疑选举结果的合法性。）acknowledged音标：/əkˈnɑːlɪdʒd/用法：动词 “acknowledge” 的过去分词，意为 “承认；认可”，指公开承认某事属实或存在。例句：The company acknowledged mistakes in its safety procedures.（公司承认其安全程序存在漏洞。）justified under a different law“justified” 意为 “合理的；有法律依据的”，“under a different law” 指 “依据另一项法律”。此处指国家安全关税的法律依据不同于 IEEPA（如依据《贸易法》第 232 条等）。音标：/ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪd ˈʌndər ə ˈdɪfrənt lɔː/用法：例句：The policy is justified under environmental protection laws.（该政策有环境保护法作为依据。）来源：英语杂货铺
