摘要:定语位置:英语中,单词作定语时通常放在被修饰词之前,短语或从句作定语则放在被修饰词之后。例如,“a beautiful flower”(一朵美丽的花),“the book on the table”(桌子上的书),“the man who is standin
英语和汉语在语序排列上存在诸多差异,会给学生带来极大的困扰,所以在翻译时需要根据这些差异采取相应的策略,我们才能彻底理解句子的含义。
以下是一些具体说明:
语序差异
- 定语位置:英语中,单词作定语时通常放在被修饰词之前,短语或从句作定语则放在被修饰词之后。例如,“a beautiful flower”(一朵美丽的花),“the book on the table”(桌子上的书),“the man who is standing there”(站在那儿的男人)。而汉语中,定语一般都放在被修饰词之前,如“我喜欢红色的苹果”“那个穿蓝色衣服的女孩是我的妹妹”。
- 状语位置:英语中,状语位置较为灵活,可以放在句首、句中或句末。比如,“Yesterday I went to the park.”(昨天我去了公园。)“I will go to the park tomorrow.”(我明天将去公园。)“I go to the park by bike.”(我骑自行车去公园。)汉语中,状语通常位于主语之后、谓语之前,如“他昨天在图书馆认真地看书”。不过,表示时间、地点的状语也可放在句首,起强调作用,如“在昨天的会议上,他提出了一个新的想法”。
- 宾语补足语位置:英语中,宾语补足语紧跟在宾语之后,如“We made the room clean.”(我们使房间干净。)汉语中,通常用“把”字句或“使”字句来表达类似意思,如“我们把房间打扫干净了”。
翻译策略
- 调整定语语序:在翻译英语后置定语时,通常要将其前置到被修饰词之前。例如,“The boy with a cap is my brother.”翻译为“戴帽子的男孩是我的弟弟”。
- 调整状语语序:翻译时,常根据汉语习惯调整英语状语的位置。如“In the morning, I usually have breakfast at home.”可译为“我通常早上在家吃早餐”,将时间状语“in the morning”和地点状语“at home”都调整到了主语“我”之后、谓语“吃早餐”之前。
- 灵活处理宾语补足语:翻译英语中的宾语补足语时,可根据汉语表达习惯,采用“把”字句或其他合适的句式。如“He painted the wall white.”可译为“他把墙漆成了白色”。
翻译练习题
1. The girl who is wearing a red dress and singing a sweet song on the stage attracts everyone's attention.
2. With the rapid development of the Internet, which has changed our communication and lifestyle significantly, more and more people choose to shop online.
3. Although he faced many difficulties in his study, he never gave up because he firmly believed that hard work would pay off.
4. The book on the shelf, which was written by a famous writer ten years ago, is very popular among young readers.
5. We found the room empty after we came back from the party.
6. He often goes to the library to read books in the evening when he has free time.
7. The students who are good at English and actively participate in various activities will have more opportunities to study abroad.
8. Because of the heavy rain that lasted for a whole day, the football match was postponed until next week.
9. They made the garden beautiful by planting a lot of colorful flowers and trees.
10. The woman standing at the door, whose daughter is my classmate, is a kind teacher.
答案解析
1. 翻译:在舞台上穿着红裙子唱着悦耳歌曲的女孩吸引了所有人的注意力。
- 解析:“who is wearing a red dress and singing a sweet song on the stage”是定语从句修饰“The girl” ,翻译时将定语从句前置到被修饰词前。
2. 翻译:随着互联网的快速发展,它极大地改变了我们的交流方式和生活方式,越来越多的人选择在网上购物。
- 解析:“With the rapid development of the Internet”是状语,先翻译;“which has changed our communication and lifestyle significantly”是定语从句修饰“the Internet”,翻译时前置,再翻译主干部分。
3. 翻译:尽管他在学习中面临许多困难,但他从未放弃,因为他坚信努力会有回报。
- 解析:“Although he faced many difficulties in his study”是让步状语从句,先翻译;“because he firmly believed that hard work would pay off”是原因状语从句,按中文习惯,先翻译从句,再翻译主干。
4. 翻译:书架上那本十年前由一位著名作家所写的书在年轻读者中很受欢迎。
- 解析:“on the shelf”和“which was written by a famous writer ten years ago”都修饰“The book” ,翻译时将定语都前置到被修饰词前。
5. 翻译:我们聚会回来后发现房间是空的。
- 解析:“empty”是宾语补足语,翻译时调整语序,用中文习惯表达。“after we came back from the party”是时间状语从句,先翻译。
6. 翻译:当他有空的时候,他经常在晚上去图书馆看书。
- 解析:“when he has free time”是时间状语从句,“in the evening”也是时间状语,按照中文习惯将时间状语调整到主语之后、谓语之前,先翻译从句。
7. 翻译:擅长英语并积极参加各种活动的学生将有更多出国留学的机会。
- 解析:“who are good at English and actively participate in various activities”是定语从句修饰“The students”,翻译时将定语从句前置到被修饰词前。
8. 翻译:由于下了一整天的大雨,足球比赛推迟到了下周。
- 解析:“Because of the heavy rain”是原因状语,“that lasted for a whole day”是定语从句修饰“the heavy rain”,翻译时先将定语从句前置修饰名词,再翻译主干部分。
9. 翻译:他们通过种植许多五颜六色的花草树木把花园变得很漂亮。
- 解析:“by planting a lot of colorful flowers and trees”是方式状语,“beautiful”是宾语补足语,翻译时采用“把”字句,调整语序符合中文表达习惯。
10. 翻译:站在门口的那位女士是一位和蔼的老师,她的女儿是我的同学。
- 解析:“standing at the door”和“whose daughter is my classmate”都修饰“The woman”,翻译时将“standing at the door”前置,“whose daughter is my classmate”另起一句补充说明,最后翻译主干。
建议大家以后多做翻译练习题,这是提高英语理解能力并快速提分的关键手段。
来源:大明哥杂谈