摘要：本论文全面深入地探讨疾病控制科在 DNA 实验室管理、部队疾控管理以及防范重大传染风险方面的职责与使命。详细阐述了各领域的关键工作内容、管理策略及国际前沿理念与技术的应用，旨在为提升疾病防控工作的专业性、高效性和前瞻性提供理论依据与实践指导，以应对日益复杂多变
摘要： 本论文全面深入地探讨疾病控制科在 DNA 实验室管理、部队疾控管理以及防范重大传染风险方面的职责与使命。详细阐述了各领域的关键工作内容、管理策略及国际前沿理念与技术的应用，旨在为提升疾病防控工作的专业性、高效性和前瞻性提供理论依据与实践指导，以应对日益复杂多变的健康威胁挑战，保障公众与特殊群体的健康安全。
关键词：疾病控制科；DNA 实验室；部队疾控；重大传染风险防范；Epidemic Prevention and Control（疾病预防与控制）；Molecular Diagnostic Techniques（分子诊断技术）；Military Health Service（部队卫生勤务）；Risk Assessment and Management（风险评估与管理）
In the context of global health challenges, the Disease Control Department plays a crucial role in safeguarding public health. With the rapid development of medical technology and the increasing complexity of the global health situation, its responsibilities have continuously expanded and deepened. This paper focuses on exploring its functions in DNA laboratory management, military disease control, and prevention of major infectious risks, aiming to provide comprehensive theoretical and practical guidance for enhancing the scientific and effective level of disease prevention and control.（在全球健康挑战的背景下，疾病控制科在保障公共卫生方面发挥着至关重要的作用。随着医学技术的快速发展和全球健康形势的日益复杂，其职责不断拓展与深化。本文重点探讨其在 DNA 实验室管理、部队疾控管理以及防范重大传染风险方面的职能，旨在为提升疾病防控工作的科学性和有效性提供全面的理论与实践指导。）
The Disease Control Department is mainly responsible for a series of basic tasks including disease surveillance, immunization programs, health education, and environmental health monitoring. Through establishing an extensive disease surveillance network, it collects and analyzes various disease data such as incidence rates and epidemic trends in a timely manner, providing a scientific basis for formulating disease prevention and control strategies. For example, long-term surveillance of common infectious diseases like influenza and tuberculosis helps to understand their seasonal epidemic patterns and population distribution characteristics, enabling targeted prevention and control measures to be taken before the peak of the epidemic.（疾病控制科主要负责一系列基本任务，包括疾病监测、免疫规划、健康教育和环境卫生监测等。通过建立广泛的疾病监测网络，及时收集和分析诸如发病率和流行趋势等各类疾病数据，为制定疾病预防与控制策略提供科学依据。例如，对流感、结核病等常见传染病进行长期监测，有助于了解其季节性流行规律和人口分布特征，以便在疫情高发期前采取针对性的防控措施。）
DNA laboratories in the field of disease control possess unique and critical functions. They can conduct precise genetic testing and typing of pathogens, which is essential for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases, especially in the diagnosis of difficult cases and emerging infectious diseases. For instance, during an unknown pathogen - triggered epidemic, DNA sequencing and analysis of patient samples can determine the pathogen species and genetic sequence characteristics, providing crucial evidence for subsequent treatment plan formulation, epidemic source tracing, and transmission route analysis.（疾病控制领域的 DNA 实验室具有独特且关键的功能。它们能够对病原体进行精确的基因检测与分型，这对于传染病的快速准确诊断至关重要，尤其是在疑难病症和新发传染病的诊断中。例如，在未知病原体引发的疫情期间，对患者样本进行 DNA 测序与分析可以确定病原体的种类和基因序列特征，为后续的治疗方案制定、疫情溯源以及传播途径分析提供关键依据。）
Personnel Management（人员管理）Laboratory staff should possess solid knowledge of molecular biology, proficient experimental operation skills, and a rigorous scientific attitude. Regular professional training and academic exchange activities should be organized to keep them updated with the latest DNA testing technologies and methods, such as the application and optimization of next - generation sequencing and real - time fluorescence quantitative PCR technologies. At the same time, a strict personnel assessment system should be established to evaluate staff's experimental operation norms, data accuracy, and laboratory report writing regularly, ensuring that their qualities and abilities meet the laboratory's work requirements.（实验室工作人员应具备扎实的分子生物学知识、熟练的实验操作技能以及严谨的科学态度。应定期组织专业培训与学术交流活动，使其不断更新知识体系，掌握如新一代测序技术和实时荧光定量 PCR 技术等最新的 DNA 检测技术与方法。同时，建立严格的人员考核制度，定期对工作人员的实验操作规范、数据准确性、实验报告撰写等方面进行评估，确保其素质与能力符合实验室工作要求。）The responsibilities of laboratory personnel should be clearly defined, including sample collection and receiving personnel, experimental operators, data analysts, and quality control personnel. Each position should cooperate and supervise each other to avoid work errors or quality issues caused by unclear responsibilities.（应明确实验室人员的职责分工，包括样本采集与接收人员、实验操作人员、数据分析人员、质量控制人员等。各岗位之间应相互协作与监督，避免因职责不清导致的工作失误或质量问题。）Equipment and Reagent Management（设备与试剂管理）Advanced and accurate DNA testing equipment, such as PCR amplifiers and gene sequencers, should be equipped, and a comprehensive equipment maintenance and servicing system should be established. Regular calibration, performance verification, and maintenance of equipment should be carried out to ensure that the equipment is in good operating condition and the test results are accurate and reliable. For example, the temperature control accuracy and fluorescence detection sensitivity of PCR amplifiers should be checked regularly, and aging or damaged parts should be replaced in a timely manner.（应配备先进、精准的 DNA 检测设备，如 PCR 扩增仪和基因测序仪等，并建立完善的设备维护与保养制度。定期对设备进行校准、性能验证与维护保养，确保设备处于良好的运行状态，保证检测结果的准确可靠。例如，应定期检查 PCR 扩增仪的温度控制精度和荧光检测灵敏度等参数，并及时更换老化或损坏的部件。）Laboratory reagents should be carefully selected and managed. Reliable reagent suppliers with stable quality should be chosen. Quality inspection and verification of each batch of reagents, including purity, concentration, and specificity tests, should be carried out to ensure that the reagents meet experimental requirements. Meanwhile, the storage conditions and usage procedures of reagents should be standardized to avoid experimental failures or result deviations caused by reagent problems.（应严格筛选与管理实验室试剂，选择质量可靠、性能稳定的试剂供应商。对每批试剂应进行质量检验与验证，包括试剂的纯度、浓度、特异性等指标的检测，确保试剂符合实验要求。同时，应规范试剂的储存条件与使用流程，避免因试剂问题导致实验失败或结果偏差。）Sample Management（样本管理）A scientific and reasonable sample collection, transportation, storage, and processing protocol should be formulated. Sample collection should follow standardized operating procedures to ensure sample quality and representativeness. For example, when collecting blood samples from infectious disease patients, factors such as collection time, volume, and the use of anticoagulants should be considered. Appropriate packaging and cold chain equipment should be used during sample transportation to ensure sample stability. In sample storage, a strict sample bank management system should be established, with samples classified, numbered, and registered, and stored at low or ultra - low temperatures according to different requirements to ensure long - term preservation and traceability.（应制定科学合理的样本采集、运输、储存与处理流程。样本采集应遵循标准化的操作规程，确保样本的质量与代表性。例如，在采集传染病患者的血液样本时，应考虑采集时间、采集量、抗凝剂的使用等因素。样本运输过程中应采用合适的包装与冷链设备，确保样本的稳定性。在样本储存方面，应建立严格的样本库管理制度，对样本进行分类、编号、登记，并按照不同要求进行低温或超低温储存，确保样本的长期保存与可追溯性。）Strengthen the biosafety management of samples to prevent bio - contamination or laboratory personnel infection during sample processing. Strictly comply with the relevant regulations of biosafety laboratories, and implement zoning management of sample processing areas, such as setting up sample receiving, processing, and waste disposal areas. There should be clear physical isolation and protective measures between different areas, and laboratory personnel should wear corresponding personal protective equipment when operating in different areas.（应加强样本的生物安全管理，防止样本在处理过程中造成生物污染或实验室人员感染。应严格遵守生物安全实验室的相关规定，对样本处理区域进行分区管理，如设置样本接收区、处理区、废弃物处理区等。不同区域之间应有明确的物理隔离与防护措施，实验室人员在不同区域操作时应穿戴相应的个人防护装备。）Quality Control and quality assurance（质量控制与质量保证）An internal quality control system should be established, including setting positive controls, negative controls, and blank controls to monitor each step of the experimental process. Regular inter - laboratory comparisons and proficiency testing activities should be carried out, comparing results with other authoritative DNA laboratories to identify and correct existing problems in a timely manner, ensuring the accuracy and comparability of laboratory test results. For example, participating in pathogen gene detection proficiency testing programs organized by international or domestic professional institutions and optimizing and improving the laboratory's testing methods, equipment, and personnel based on the feedback results.（应建立完善的内部质量控制体系，包括设置阳性对照、阴性对照、空白对照等，对实验过程中的各个环节进行质量监控。应定期开展实验室间比对与能力验证活动，与其他权威 DNA 实验室进行结果比对，及时发现并纠正实验室存在的问题，确保实验室检测结果的准确性与可比性。例如，参加由国际或国内专业机构组织的病原体基因检测能力验证项目，并根据反馈结果对实验室的检测方法、设备、人员等进行优化与改进。）A comprehensive quality assurance plan should be formulated, covering all aspects such as laboratory facilities and environment, personnel training, equipment and reagent management, sample processing, and data analysis. Regular inspections and evaluations of the implementation of the quality assurance plan should be carried out to continuously improve the laboratory's quality management level, ensuring that the DNA laboratory can operate stably and efficiently and provide reliable technical support for disease control work.（应制定全面的质量保证计划，涵盖实验室的设施环境、人员培训、设备试剂管理、样本处理、数据分析等各个方面。应定期对质量保证计划的执行情况进行检查与评估，持续改进实验室的质量管理水平，确保 DNA 实验室能够稳定、高效地运行，为疾病控制工作提供可靠的技术支持。）The military, as a special group, has characteristics such as concentrated personnel, high mobility, special tasks, and complex environments, which bring many unique challenges to military disease control management. Compared with civilian population disease control, military disease control not only needs to focus on the prevention and control of common infectious diseases but also consider the impact of military operations, special training environments, and collective living styles on the health of soldiers. For example, during military exercises or overseas peacekeeping missions, soldiers may face infectious disease threats in different regions, including some tropical infectious diseases and endemic diseases, requiring advance preventive vaccination and health protection measures.（部队作为一个特殊群体，具有人员集中、流动性大、任务特殊、环境复杂等特点，这给部队疾控管理带来了诸多独特挑战。与普通人群疾控管理相比，部队疾控不仅要关注常见传染病的防控，还要考虑军事行动、特殊训练环境、集体生活方式等因素对官兵健康的影响。例如，在军事演习或海外维和任务中，部队官兵可能面临不同地区的传染病威胁，包括一些热带传染病和地方病，需要提前做好预防接种和健康防护措施。）
Disease Surveillance and Early Warning（疾病监测与预警）A dedicated disease surveillance system for the military should be established to collect real - time health information of soldiers, including daily outpatient visits, sick leave absences, and physical examination data. Through the analysis of these data, the epidemic trends and abnormal situations of diseases can be detected in a timely manner. For example, if a large number of soldiers in a certain military unit show symptoms of fever and diarrhea in a short period, an early warning mechanism should be immediately activated to conduct an in - depth investigation to determine whether there is a risk of an infectious disease outbreak.（应建立专门针对部队的疾病监测系统，实时收集官兵的健康信息，包括日常门诊就诊情况、因病缺勤情况、体检数据等。通过对这些数据的分析，及时发现疾病的流行趋势与异常情况。例如，若某部队短期内出现大量发热、腹泻患者，应立即启动预警机制，深入调查原因，判断是否存在传染病爆发的风险。）Targeted disease surveillance should be carried out in combination with the military's mission deployment and operation characteristics. For example, before a military unit enters a high - risk infectious disease area for a mission, strengthen the surveillance and assessment of the local infectious disease epidemic, understand in advance the main infectious disease types, epidemic intensity, and transmission routes in the area, and establish corresponding surveillance indicators and early warning thresholds within the military unit to detect and respond to possible infectious disease threats in a timely manner.（应结合部队的任务部署与行动特点，开展针对性的疾病监测工作。例如，在部队进入高风险传染病地区执行任务前，加强对当地传染病疫情的监测与评估，提前了解当地的主要传染病种类、流行强度、传播途径等信息，并在部队内部建立相应的监测指标与预警阈值，以便及时发现并应对可能的传染病威胁。）Immunization and Health Promotion（预防接种与健康促进）A scientific and reasonable immunization plan should be formulated according to the military's mission requirements, the epidemic situation in the garrison area, and the immunization status of soldiers. Ensure that soldiers receive necessary vaccinations, such as influenza vaccines, hepatitis B vaccines, and anthrax vaccines, to improve the group immunity level of the military and prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases. At the same time, strengthen the management of immunization work, including all aspects such as vaccine procurement, storage, transportation, and vaccination operation norms, to ensure the safety and effectiveness of vaccination.（应根据部队的任务需求、驻地疫情以及官兵的免疫状况，制定科学合理的预防接种计划。确保官兵接种必要的疫苗，如流感疫苗、乙肝疫苗、炭疽疫苗等，提高部队群体免疫水平，预防传染病的发生。同时，应加强对预防接种工作的管理，包括疫苗的采购、储存、运输、接种操作规范等环节，确保疫苗接种的安全性与有效性。）Carry out comprehensive health promotion activities to improve the health literacy and self - care ability of soldiers. Through health knowledge lectures, distribution of health publicity materials, and mental health counseling, popularize military training health protection knowledge, nutrition and diet hygiene knowledge, and mental health knowledge among soldiers, guiding them to develop good living habits and healthy behavior patterns, such as a balanced diet, appropriate exercise, and regular work and rest, to reduce health problems caused by unhealthy lifestyles.（应开展全面的健康促进活动，提高官兵的健康素养与自我保健能力。通过健康知识讲座、发放健康宣传资料、开展心理健康咨询等方式，向官兵普及军事训练卫生防护知识、营养与饮食卫生知识、心理健康知识等，引导他们养成良好的生活习惯和健康行为方式，如合理饮食、适量运动、规律作息等，减少因不良生活方式导致的健康问题。）Environmental Health and Food Safety Management（环境卫生与食品安全管理）Strengthen the environmental health management of military barracks, regularly monitor and evaluate the drinking water sources, sewage discharge, waste disposal, indoor and outdoor environmental hygiene of the barracks. Ensure the safety and hygiene of drinking water, the effective treatment of sewage, the timely cleaning and harmless disposal of waste, and the good ventilation and cleanliness of indoor environments, providing soldiers with a healthy and comfortable living environment. For example, conduct regular microbial and chemical substance tests on the drinking water in the barracks, and evaluate the hygiene of waste disposal facilities to prevent infectious diseases or other health problems caused by environmental health issues.（应加强部队营区的环境卫生管理，定期对营区的饮用水源、生活污水排放、垃圾处理、室内外环境卫生等进行监测与评估。确保饮用水安全卫生，生活污水得到有效处理，垃圾及时清理与无害化处理，室内环境整洁、通风良好，为官兵提供一个健康、舒适的生活环境。例如，对营区饮用水进行定期的微生物检测、化学物质检测，对垃圾处理设施进行卫生学评估，防止因环境卫生问题引发传染病或其他健康问题。）Strictly control the food safety in the military, starting from all aspects such as food procurement, storage, processing, and supply, and establish a comprehensive food safety management system. Strengthen the qualification review and supervision of food suppliers to ensure the freshness, safety, and non - deterioration of purchased food. Standardize food storage conditions to prevent food from being contaminated or deteriorated. Strictly require that the food processing process meets hygiene standards, such as the control of cooking temperature and time, and the cleaning and disinfection of tableware, to ensure the food safety of soldiers and prevent the occurrence of foodborne diseases such as food poisoning.（应严格管控部队的食品安全，从食品采购、储存、加工、供应等环节入手，建立完善的食品安全管理制度。加强对食品供应商的资质审查与监管，确保采购的食品新鲜、安全、无变质。规范食品储存条件，防止食品受到污染或变质。严格要求食品加工过程符合卫生标准，如食品烹饪温度、时间的控制，餐具的清洗消毒等，保障官兵的饮食安全，预防食物中毒等食源性疾病的发生。）Epidemic Response and Emergency Support（疫情处置与应急保障）Formulate an epidemic response plan for the military, clearly defining the epidemic reporting process, on - site response measures, isolation and treatment plans, and personnel deployment. Once an infectious disease epidemic occurs, it can be quickly and orderly carried out to control the spread and diffusion of the epidemic. For example, when an infectious patient is found in the military, immediately isolate and treat the patient, conduct medical observation on close contacts, disinfect the patient's living quarters and training places, and report the epidemic situation to the superior disease control department, requesting technical support and resource allocation.（应制定部队疫情处置应急预案，明确疫情报告流程、现场处置措施、隔离与治疗方案、人员调配等内容。一旦发生传染病疫情，能够迅速、有序地开展疫情处置工作，控制疫情的传播与扩散。例如，在发现部队中有传染病患者时，立即对患者进行隔离治疗，对密切接触者进行医学观察，对患者所在的宿舍、训练场所等环境进行消毒处理，同时向上级疾控部门报告疫情情况，请求技术支持与资源。Risk Factor Analysis（风险因素分析）Comprehensive analysis of major infectious risk factors from multiple aspects such as pathogens, hosts, and environments is essential. In terms of pathogens, attention should be paid to the emergence of novel pathogens, pathogen variations (such as antigenic variations of influenza viruses), and the spread of drug - resistant pathogens. For example, the continuous emergence of new variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS - CoV - 2) has posed significant challenges to global epidemic prevention and control, and the changes in its transmissibility and pathogenicity require close monitoring and research. From the host perspective, factors such as the population's immune level, population mobility and aggregation, and the distribution of special populations (such as the elderly, children, and immunocompromised individuals) that affect the spread of infectious diseases should be considered. For instance, during large - scale international sports events or religious gatherings where people are highly aggregated, the risk of infectious disease transmission increases significantly. Environmental factors include natural environmental changes (such as the expansion of the distribution range of disease vectors due to climate warming), ecosystem destruction (such as the reduction of wild animal habitats due to deforestation, increasing the risk of zoonotic diseases), and social environmental factors (such as the uneven distribution of medical and health resources and the weakness of public health infrastructure).（从病原体、宿主、环境等多方面综合分析重大传染风险因素至关重要。在病原体方面，需关注新型病原体的出现、病原体变异（如流感病毒的抗原变异）以及耐药病原体的传播。例如，严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2（SARS - CoV - 2）的新变异株不断出现，给全球疫情防控带来重大挑战，其传播性和致病性的变化需要密切监测与研究。从宿主角度，应考虑人群免疫水平、人口流动与聚集以及特殊人群（如老年人、儿童、免疫低下者）分布等影响传染病传播的因素。例如，在大型国际体育赛事或宗教集会等人高度聚集的活动中，传染病传播风险显著增加。环境因素包括自然环境变化（如气候变暖导致病媒生物分布范围扩大）、生态系统破坏（如森林砍伐导致野生动物栖息地减少，增加人兽共患病风险）以及社会环境因素（如医疗卫生资源分布不均和公共卫生基础设施薄弱）。）Utilize advanced technologies such as big data analysis and epidemiological modeling to conduct comprehensive analysis and assessment of these risk factors. By collecting global disease surveillance data, environmental monitoring data, population data, etc., a risk prediction model can be constructed to identify potential major infectious risk factors and regions in advance, providing a basis for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies. For example, a malaria transmission risk model based on climate data, disease vector monitoring data, and malaria incidence data can predict the epidemic trends of malaria in different regions, enabling the implementation of preventive measures such as disease vector control and chemoprophylaxis in a timely manner.（利用大数据分析、流行病学建模等先进技术对这些风险因素进行综合分析与评估。通过收集全球疾病监测数据、环境监测数据、人口数据等，构建风险预测模型，提前识别潜在的重大传染风险因素和地区，为制定针对性防控策略提供依据。例如，基于气候数据、病媒生物监测数据和疟疾发病数据构建的疟疾传播风险模型，可预测不同地区疟疾的流行趋势，以便及时采取病媒生物控制、预防性用药等防控措施。）Risk Assessment Methods and Indicators（风险评估方法与指标）Adopt a combination of qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods. Qualitative assessment is mainly based on expert experience and professional knowledge to subjectively judge and grade the likelihood and impact degree of major infectious risks, such as classifying risks into high, medium, and low levels. Quantitative assessment uses mathematical models and statistical methods to quantitatively analyze risk factors and calculate risk values. For example, calculating the basic reproduction number (R0) of an infectious disease to assess its transmission ability. An R0 value greater than 1 indicates that the infectious disease has the ability to continuously spread in the population, and the larger the R0 value, the higher the transmission risk.（采用定性与定量相结合的风险评估方法。定性评估主要基于专家经验和专业知识，对重大传染风险的可能性和影响程度进行主观判断与分级，如将风险分为高、中、低等级。定量评估则运用数学模型和统计方法，对风险因素进行量化分析，计算风险值。例如，通过计算传染病的基本再生数（R0）来评估其传播能力，R0 值大于 1 表示传染病具有在人群中持续传播的能力，且 R0 值越大，传播风险越高。）Establish a set of scientific and reasonable risk assessment indicator systems, including indicators such as disease incidence, mortality, transmission speed, epidemic range, pathogen virulence and drug resistance, population immune coverage, and public health emergency response capacity. Through the monitoring and analysis of these indicators, comprehensively assess the degree and changing trends of major infectious risks and adjust prevention and control strategies in a timely manner. For example, when assessing the risk of an influenza pandemic, in addition to considering the variation of influenza viruses and the population's immune level, factors such as national influenza prevention and control policies, vaccine production and supply capacity, and medical treatment resources should also be taken into account for a comprehensive risk assessment.（建立一套科学合理的风险评估指标体系，包括疾病发病率、死亡率、传播速度、流行范围、病原体毒力与耐药性、人群免疫覆盖率、公共卫生应急响应能力等指标。通过对这些指标的监测与分析，全面评估重大传染风险的程度和变化趋势，及时调整防控策略。例如，在评估流感大流行风险时，除了考虑流感病毒变异情况和人群免疫水平外，还需综合考虑各国流感防控政策、疫苗生产与供应能力、医疗救治资源等因素对风险的综合影响。）Strengthening International Cooperation and Information Sharing（加强国际合作与信息共享）Given that the spread of major infectious diseases is not limited by national boundaries, strengthening international cooperation is crucial for preventing major infectious risks. Countries should actively carry out cooperation in infectious disease prevention and control under the framework of international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), sharing epidemic information, prevention and control experiences, and scientific research achievements. For example, during the global COVID - 19 pandemic, countries reported epidemic data and the implementation of prevention and control measures in a timely manner through the WHO platform, learned from each other's experiences in vaccine development, testing technologies, and treatment regimens, and jointly addressed the challenges of the pandemic.（鉴于重大传染病的传播不受国界限制，加强国际合作对于防范重大传染风险至关重要。各国应在世界卫生组织（WHO）等国际组织框架下积极开展传染病防控合作，分享疫情信息、防控经验和科研成果。例如，在全球新冠疫情期间，各国通过 WHO 平台及时通报疫情数据和防控措施实施情况，相互学习疫苗研发、检测技术、治疗方案等方面的经验，共同应对疫情挑战。）Establish a cross - border infectious disease surveillance and early warning network to achieve real - time sharing of epidemic information. Strengthen border health quarantine cooperation with neighboring countries to jointly prevent the cross - border spread of infectious diseases. For example, in Southeast Asia, countries have established a regional infectious disease surveillance network, shared epidemic information of tropical infectious diseases such as dengue fever and malaria, and jointly carried out vector control activities, effectively reducing the transmission risk of these infectious diseases in the region.（建立跨国界的传染病监测与预警网络，实现疫情信息实时共享。加强与邻国的边境卫生检疫合作，共同防范传染病跨境传播。例如，在东南亚地区，各国建立了区域传染病监测网络，共享登革热、疟疾等热带传染病疫情信息，联合开展病媒生物控制行动，有效降低了这些传染病在区域内的传播风险。）Enhancing Public Health Emergency Capacity（提升公共卫生应急能力）Increase investment in the construction of public health infrastructure to improve the capabilities of disease surveillance, detection, diagnosis, and treatment. Build a modern disease surveillance system to achieve real - time and accurate monitoring of infectious disease epidemics and improve the timeliness and accuracy of epidemic reporting. Strengthen the construction of public health laboratories, equip advanced testing equipment and technologies, improve pathogen detection and identification capabilities, and shorten the testing time to gain valuable time for epidemic prevention and control. For example, during the early stage of the COVID - 19 pandemic, some countries' insufficient public health laboratory testing capabilities led to a delay in diagnosis and difficult control of the epidemic spread. In contrast, countries with strong testing capabilities could quickly carry out large - scale testing, identify infected individuals in a timely manner, and take isolation measures, effectively curbing the spread of the epidemic.（加大对公共卫生基础设施建设的投入，提高疾病监测、检测、诊断和治疗能力。建设现代化疾病监测系统，实现对传染病疫情的实时、精准监测，提高疫情报告的及时性和准确性。加强公共卫生实验室建设，配备先进检测设备和技术，提高病原体检测与鉴定能力，缩短检测时间，为疫情防控争取宝贵时间。例如，在新冠疫情初期，一些国家由于公共卫生实验室检测能力不足，导致疫情初期诊断滞后，疫情扩散难以有效控制。而具备强大检测能力的国家能够迅速开展大规模检测，及时发现感染者并采取隔离措施，有效遏制了疫情蔓延。）Strengthen the construction of public health emergency teams, cultivate a high - quality and professional emergency team, including epidemiologists, laboratory technicians, medical treatment personnel, and health emergency managers. Regularly conduct emergency drills to improve the team's coordinated combat ability, rapid response ability, and on - site disposal ability. For example, various regions in China regularly organize emergency drills for public health emergencies, simulating epidemic scenarios to test and improve the emergency team's capabilities in epidemic reporting, epidemiological investigation, isolation and control, medical treatment, and resource allocation.（加强公共卫生应急队伍建设，培养一支高素质、专业化的应急队伍，包括流行病学调查专家、实验室检测人员、医疗救治人员、卫生应急管理人员等。定期开展应急演练，提高应急队伍的协同作战能力、快速响应能力和现场处置能力。例如，中国各地定期组织开展突发公共卫生事件应急演练，模拟疫情发生场景，检验和提升应急队伍在疫情报告、流行病学调查、隔离管控、医疗救治、物资调配等方面的能力。）Vaccine Research and Development and Drug Stockpiling（疫苗研发与药物储备）Increase investment and support for infectious disease vaccine research and development, encourage scientific research institutions and pharmaceutical enterprises to carry out vaccine research and development work. Establish a fast - track for vaccine research and development to shorten the vaccine research and development cycle and improve research and development efficiency. For example, during the COVID - 19 pandemic, governments and international organizations of various countries invested a large amount of funds, and scientific researchers raced against time to develop COVID - 19 vaccines. Multiple COVID - 19 vaccines were successfully developed and put into use in a short time, providing a powerful weapon for global epidemic prevention and control.（加大对传染病疫苗研发的投入与支持力度，鼓励科研机构和制药企业开展疫苗研发工作。建立疫苗研发快速通道，缩短疫苗研发周期，提高研发效率。例如，在新冠疫情期间，各国政府和国际组织纷纷投入大量资金，科研人员争分夺秒开展新冠疫苗研发工作，多种新冠疫苗在短时间内成功研发并投入使用，为全球疫情防控提供了有力武器。）Strengthen drug stockpiling management. Based on the results of major infectious risk assessment, stockpile a certain amount of specific therapeutic drugs, antiviral drugs, antibacterial drugs, etc. Establish a dynamic drug stockpiling management mechanism, regularly assess the drug stockpile situation, and timely supplement and update the drug stockpile to ensure that drugs can be supplied in a timely manner during an epidemic. For example, for the prevention of an influenza pandemic, countries usually stockpile a certain amount of anti - influenza virus drugs, such as oseltamivir, so that patients can be treated in a timely manner when an influenza epidemic breaks out, alleviating symptoms and reducing mortality.（加强药物储备管理。根据重大传染风险评估结果，储备一定数量的特效治疗药物、抗病毒药物、抗菌药物等。建立药物储备动态管理机制，定期评估药物储备情况，及时补充和更新药物储备，确保在疫情发生时药物能够及时供应。例如，对于流感大流行的防范，各国通常会储备一定数量的抗流感病毒药物，如奥司他韦，以便在流感疫情爆发时能够及时对患者进行治疗，减轻症状，降低死亡率。）Public Health Education and Behavior Intervention（公众健康教育与行为干预）Carry out extensive public health education activities to raise public awareness and prevention awareness of major infectious diseases. Through various channels such as television, radio, the Internet, and social media, popularize infectious disease prevention knowledge to the public, such as personal hygiene habits (frequent handwashing, wearing masks, maintaining social distance, etc.), the importance of vaccination, and healthy lifestyles during an epidemic. For example, during the COVID - 19 pandemic, countries widely publicized COVID - 19 prevention and control knowledge through various media platforms, guiding the public to actively cooperate with government prevention and control measures, such as home isolation and nucleic acid testing, effectively reducing the risk of epidemic spread.（开展广泛的公众健康教育活动，提高公众对重大传染病的认识与防范意识。通过电视、广播、互联网、社交媒体等多种渠道，向公众普及传染病预防知识，如个人卫生习惯养成（勤洗手、戴口罩、保持社交距离等）、疫苗接种的重要性、疫情期间的健康生活方式等。例如，在新冠疫情期间，各国通过各种媒体平台广泛宣传新冠疫情防控知识，引导公众积极配合政府的防控措施，如居家隔离、核酸检测等，有效降低了疫情传播风险。）Implement public behavior intervention measures. Through policy guidance and community mobilization, promote the public to develop healthy behavior habits. For example, during the influenza high - incidence season, some regions promote influenza vaccination through schools and communities, conduct ventilation and disinfection of public places, and advocate the public to reduce gathering activities during the influenza epidemic, which helps to reduce the transmission risk of infectious diseases and protect public health.（实施公众行为干预措施，通过政策引导、社区动员等方式，促进公众养成健康的行为习惯。例如，在流感高发季节，一些地区通过学校、社区等渠道推广流感疫苗接种，对公共场所进行通风消毒，倡导公众在流感流行期间减少聚集活动等，这些行为干预措施有助于降低传染病的传播风险，保护公众健康。）The Disease Control Department shoulders extremely important responsibilities in DNA laboratory management, military disease control, and prevention of major infectious risks. Through scientific and effective DNA laboratory management, it can provide accurate technical support for disease diagnosis, epidemic source tracing, and pathogen research. Formulating corresponding strategies for the particularity of military disease control can ensure the health and combat effectiveness of military personnel. In preventing major infectious risks, a comprehensive application of measures such as risk identification and assessment, international cooperation, emergency capacity enhancement, vaccine research and development and drug stockpiling, and public education can effectively respond to the increasingly severe infectious disease threats globally. In the future, continuous efforts should be made to strengthen the professional capabilities and international cooperation of the Disease Control Department, improve the scientific and technological level and management efficiency of disease prevention and control work, and contribute to safeguarding global public health security.（疾病控制科在 DNA 实验室管理、部队疾控管理以及防范重大传染风险方面承担着极为重要的职责。通过科学有效的 DNA 实验室管理，能够为疾病诊断、疫情溯源、病原体研究等提供精准的技术支持；针对部队疾控管理的特殊性制定相应策略，可保障部队官兵的健康与战斗力；在防范重大传染风险方面，综合运用风险识别与评估、国际合作、应急能力提升、疫苗研发与药物储备、公众教育等多方面措施，能够有效应对全球日益严峻的传染病威胁。在未来，应持续努力加强疾病控制科的专业能力与国际合作，提高疾病防控工作的科技水平与管理效率，为保障全球公共卫生安全贡献力量。）
References:
[1] World Health Organization. Global Health Risks: Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks. Geneva: WHO Press, 2009.
[2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice. Atlanta: CDC Press, 2012.
[3] European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Handbook for Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. Stockholm: ECDC Press, 2016.
[4] Institute of Medicine. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2003.
[5] Public Health England. UK Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Strategy 2011. London: PHE Press, 2011.
来源：医学顾事
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