摘要：Aestheticism (also the Aesthetic Movement) is an intellectual and art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more th

英国文学复习整理

名词解释

1.Dramatic Monologue 戏剧独白

a poem delivered in a dramatic manner by a single persona speaker who is not identified with the poet usually to achieve an ironical effect.

2.Aestheticism 美学主义（唯美主义）

Aestheticism (also the Aesthetic Movement) is an intellectual and art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than social-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.

3.The Pygmalion Effect 皮格马利翁效应

The Pygmalion Effect is that people tend to behave as you expect they will. If you expect a person to take responsibility, they probably will.

If you expect them not to even try, they probably won ’ t.

4.Colonialism殖民主义

one country’s domination of another country or people—usually achieved through aggressive, often military actions，and the territory acquired in this manner.

5.Post-colonial theory后殖民主义理论

is a multicultural theory which mainly studies relations of cultural discourse power between the colonist and the colonized as well as

racism (种族主义 ), cultural imperialism （文化帝国主义） , national culture and culture power identity after colonial period

Representatives 后殖民理论的“圣三位一体”

Edward Said(萨义德 )

Gayatri C. Spivak(斯皮瓦克 )

Homi K. Bhabha(霍米·巴巴 ),

6.Imagism 意象主义

The body of theories of a group of anti-Romantic and anti-Georgian British and American poets (1912-18) who aimed at simplicity and detachment in poetic expression by the clear presentation of visual images.,

7.Imagery 意象

Words or phrases that create picture, or images, in the reader mind.Images are primarily visual.Images can appeal to other senses as well: touch, taste, smell and hearing.

8.Symbolism印象主义

Epiphany 顿悟

An experience of sudden and striking realization顿.悟

Epiphany is an appearance or perception of the essential nature or meaning of something, to describe the sudden revelation of whatness of a thing, the moment in which the soul of the commonest object seems to us radiant.

9.Stream of Consciousness 意识流
It is a narrative mode that seeks to portray an individual's point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue, or in connection to his or her actions. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing a character's fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. The narrative method of capturing and representing the inner working of a character’s mind.

10.Feminist Criticism 女性主义

Feminism refers to movements aimed at establishing and defending equal political, economic, social rights and opportunities for women

11.Transcendentalists 超验主义

Transcendentalists emphasize the importance of the individual. They believe that the individual is the most important part of society, and that social innovation can only be achieved through personal cultivation and improvement. Therefore, the primary responsibility of people is to improve themselves, rather than deliberately pursue wealth and wealth. An ideal person is one who depends on himself Transcendentalists look at nature in a new way, believing that nature is the symbol of super spirit or god. In their view, nature is more than matter. It has life, the spirit of god fills it, it is the cloak of the super spirit

12.Iambic pentameter(五音步诗)

Iambic pentameter is the most common English meter, in which each foot contains an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable. It is a meter in poetry, consisting of an unrhymed line with five iambs or feet (hence pentameter).

13.Alliteration(头韵)

Alliteration means a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a line or group. It is a very old traditional stylistic device in English literature and verse. The consonants and stressed syllables are repeated in one line or in one stanza

14.Byronic hero 拜伦式英雄

The Byronic hero presents an idealized, but flawed character whose attributes include: great talent; gr eat passion; distaste for society and social institutions; a lac k of respect for rank and privilege; being thwarted in love by social c onstr aint or death; rebellion; exile; an unpleasant secret past; arrogance; overconf idence or lac k of foresight; and, ultimately, a self-destructive manner.

15.Sonnet十四行诗

A sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespeareanor English sonnet. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.

16.Lake Poets湖畔诗人

The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single "school" of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement

17.Metaphysical 玄学派诗歌的

Metaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use ofconceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion. John Donne is the most important representative.

18.Shakespearean Comedy 莎士比亚式喜剧

A Shakespearean comedy is one that has a happy ending, usually involving marriages between the unmarried characters, and a tone and style that is more light-hearted than Shakespeare's other plays. Shakespeare an comedies tend to also include: `A struggle of young lovers to overcome difficulty, often presented by elder.

Metaphysical poets （玄学派诗歌）
The metaphysical poets were a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them. Their rigorous, energetic verse appeals to the reader’s intellect rather than emotions, discarding intuition and mysticism in favour of rational discussion. Their inventive, elaborate style was characterised by learned imagery and subtle argumentation, and the "metaphysical conceit", a figure of speech that employs unusual and paradoxical images such as in Andrew Marvell’s comparison of the soul with a drop of dew. Although such devices were not new, these poets managed to make the most of them with their fresh and original approach, infusing new life into English poetry.

Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)

Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry ,the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. the imagery is drawn from actual life.

Lake Poets(湖畔诗人)

In english literature Lake Poets refer to such romantic poets as william wordsworth, coleridge and southey who lived in the lake District. They came to be known as the lake school or Lakers.

Imagism（意象派）：it was a poetic vogue that flourished in England, and even more vigorously in America, between the years 1912 and 1917. It was planned and exemplified by a group of English and American writers in London, partly under the influence of the poetic theory of T. E. Hulme, as a revolt against the sentimental and mannerish poetry at the turn of the century. The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible. Meanwhile, the Imagist poetry likes to express the writers’ momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicating a relation. Most famous Imagist poem, “In a Station of the Metro”, was written by Ezra Pound. Imagism was too restrictive to endure long as a concerted movement, but it influenced almost all modern poets of Britain and America.

Imagism(意象主义)

Imagism came into being in Britain and U.S around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.2>the imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.3>imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:A.direct treatment of subject matter;B.economy of expression;C. as regards rhythm ,to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome. 4> pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known inagist poem.

Harlem Renaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）：a period of remarkable creativity in literature, music, dance, painting, and sculpture by African-Americans, from the end of the First World War in 1917 through the 1920s. As a result of the mass migrations to the urban North in order to escape the legal segregation of the American South, and also in order to take advantage of the jobs opened to African Americans at the beginning of the War, the population of the region of Manhattan known as Harlem became almost exclusively Black, and the vital center of African American culture in America. Distinguished writers who were part of the movement included Langston Hughes and Jean Toomer. The Great Depression of 1929 and the early 1930s brought the period of buoyant Harlem culture – which had been fostered by prosperity in the publishing industry and the art world – effectively to an end.

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