摘要：美国将于周一对中国半导体行业发起三年来的第三次打击，限制对包括芯片设备制造商北方华创科技集团在内的 140 家公司的出口，据两位知情人士透露，其中包括采取其他举措。
路透社报道，美国将于周一对中国半导体行业发起三年来的第三次打击，限制对包括芯片设备制造商北方华创科技集团在内的 140 家公司的出口，据两位知情人士透露，其中包括采取其他举措。
美国阻碍中国芯片制造雄心的努力也包括打击中国芯片工具制造商拓荆（Piotech）以及新凯莱科技（SiCarrier Technology）。此外，美国出台的的芯出口限制措施还将限制向中国出口先进的存储芯片和更多的芯片制造工具。
此举是拜登政府为阻止中国获取和生产有助于推进人工智能或以其他方式威胁美国国家安全的芯片的能力而采取的最后一次大规模行动之一。
此事发生在共和党前总统唐纳德·特朗普宣誓就职的几周前，预计特朗普将保留拜登的许多对华强硬措施。
该计划包括对输往中国的高带宽存储器（HBM）芯片实施限制，这种芯片对于人工智能训练等高端应用至关重要；对另外 24 种芯片制造工具和 3 种软件工具实施新的限制；以及对新加坡和马来西亚等国家生产的芯片制造设备实施新的出口限制。
该工具控制可能会损害Lam Research 、KLA和应用材料公司以及荷兰设备制造商 ASM International等非美国公司。
消息人士称，面临新限制的中国公司包括近二十家半导体公司、两家投资公司和一百多家芯片制造工具制造商。
美国议员表示，被限制的公司包括Swaysure 、青岛芯恩和深圳Pensun 科技有限公司在内的一些公司与中国华为技术有限公司有合作，华为技术有限公司是中国电信设备领导者，曾受到美国制裁的阻碍，目前是中国先进芯片生产和开发的中心。
它们将被添加到实体名单中，禁止美国供应商在未事先获得特别许可的情况下向它们发货。
近年来，由于美国和其他国家限制先进芯片及其制造工具的出口，中国加大了在半导体领域实现自给自足的力度。然而，它仍然落后于 Nvidia 和设备供应商ASML等芯片行业领导者多年。
美国还准备对中芯国际实施更多限制，该公司是中国最大的芯片代工制造商，2020年被列入“实体名单”，但其政策允许向其授予价值数十亿美元的供货许可证。
美国将首次将两家投资芯片行业的公司列入实体名单。中国私募股权公司智路资本和科技公司闻泰科技将被添加。
寻求向“实体名单”上的公司发货的许可的公司通常会被拒绝。
荷兰和日本豁免
新一揽子计划中涉及外国直接产品规则的部分内容可能会损害美国一些盟友的利益，因为该规则限制了这些盟友的公司可以向中国出口的产品。新规则将扩大美国的权力，以限制美国、日本和荷兰制造商向中国某些芯片工厂出口在世界其他地区生产的芯片制造设备。
马来西亚、新加坡、以色列、台湾和韩国生产的设备均受该规则约束，而荷兰和日本则不受此限制。
扩大的外国直接产品规则将适用于实体名单上的 16 家公司，这些公司被视为对中国最先进的芯片制造抱负最为重要的企业。
该规则还将把决定某些外国产品何时受美国管控的美国成分降至零。这将使美国能够对从海外运往中国的任何产品进行管控，只要这些产品含有美国芯片。
经过与日本和荷兰的长期讨论后，新规则得以发布。日本和荷兰与美国一起主导着先进芯片制造设备的生产。
知情人士称，美国计划对实施类似管制的国家给予豁免。
该法案的另一项规定限制了人工智能芯片中使用的内存，这些内存与所谓的“HBM 2”及更高版本相对应，该技术由韩国三星、SK 海力士和美国美光公司制造。业内消息人士预计三星电子只会使用 HBM 2 及更高版本。。
最新规定是拜登政府实施的第三套针对中国的芯片相关出口限制措施。2022 年 10 月，美国公布了一系列全面的管制措施，以限制某些高端芯片的销售和制造，这被认为是自 1990 年代以来美国对华科技政策的最大转变。
原文：Exclusive: Latest US strike on China's chips hits semiconductor toolmakers
The U.S. will launch its third crackdown in three years on China's semiconductor industry on Monday, restricting exports to 140 companies including chip equipment maker Naura Technology Group , opens new tab, among other moves, according to two people familiar with the matter.
The effort to hobble Beijing's chipmaking ambitions will also hit Chinese chip toolmakers Piotech and SiCarrier Technology with new export restrictions as part of the package, which also takes aim at shipments of advanced memory chips and more chipmaking tools to China.
The move marks one of the Biden Administration's last large scale effort to stymy China's ability to access and produce chips that can help advance artificial intelligence for military applications or otherwise threaten U.S. national security.
It comes just weeks before the swearing in of Republican former president Donald Trump, who is expected to keep in place many of Biden's tough-on-China measures.
The package includes curbs on China-bound shipments of high bandwidth memory (HBM) chips, which are critical for high-end applications like AI training; new curbs on 24 additional chipmaking tools and three software tools; and new export restrictions on chipmaking equipment manufactured in countries including Singapore and Malaysia.
The tool controls will likely hurt Lam Research, KLA , opens new tab and Applied Materials， as well as non-U.S. companies like Dutch equipment maker ASM International
Among Chinese companies facing new restrictions are nearly two dozen semiconductor companies, two investment companies and over 100 chipmaking tool makers, the sources said.
U.S. lawmakers say some of the companies, including Swaysure Technology Co, Qingdao SiEn, and Shenzhen Pensun Technology Co, work with China's Huawei Technologies, the telecommunications equipment leader once hobbled by U.S. sanctions and now at the center of China's advanced chip production and development.
They will be added to the entity list, which bars U.S. suppliers from shipping to them without first receiving a special license.
China has stepped up its drive to become self-sufficient in the semiconductor sector in recent years, as the U.S. and other countries have restricted exports of the advanced chips and the tools to make them. However, it remains years behind chip industry leaders like Nvidia (NVDA.O), opens new tab in AI chips and chip equipment maker ASML (ASML.AS), opens new tab in the Netherlands.
The U.S. also is poised to place additional restrictions on Semiconductor Manufacturing International (0981.HK), opens new tab, China's largest contract chip manufacturer, which was placed on the Entity List in 2020 but with a policy that allowed billions of dollars worth of licenses to ship goods to it to be granted.
For the first time, the U.S. will add two companies that make investments in chips to the entity list. Chinese private equity firm Wise Road Capital and tech firm Wingtech Technology will be added.
Companies seeking licenses to ship to firms on the Entity List generally get denied.
DUTCH AND JAPANESE EXEMPTED
An aspect of the new package that addresses the foreign direct product rule could hurt some U.S. allies by limiting what their companies can ship to China. The new rule will expand U.S. powers to curb exports of chipmaking equipment by U.S., Japanese, and Dutch manufacturers made in other parts of the world to certain chip plants in China.
Equipment made in Malaysia, Singapore, Israel, Taiwan and South Korea is subject to the rule while the Netherlands and Japan will be exempt.
The expanded foreign direct product rule will apply to 16 companies on the entity list that are seen as the most important to China's most advanced chipmaking ambitions.
The rule will also lower to zero the amount of U.S. content that determines when certain foreign items are subject to U.S. control. That will allow the U.S. to regulate any item shipped to China from overseas if it contains any U.S. chips.
The new rules are being released after lengthy discussions with Japan and the Netherlands, which, along with the U.S., dominate the production of advanced chipmaking equipment.
The U.S. plans to exempt countries that put in place similar controls, the people said.
Another rule in the package restricts memory used in AI chips that correspond with what is known as "HBM 2" and higher, technology made by South Korea's Samsung and SK Hynix and U.S.-based Micron. Industry sources only expect Samsung Electronics , opens new tab to be impacted.
The latest rules are the third major package of chip-related export restrictions on China implemented under the Biden administration. In October 2022, the U.S. published a sweeping set of controls to curb the sale and manufacture of certain high-end chips which were considered to be the biggest shift in U.S. tech policy toward China since the 1990s.
来源：半导体行者一点号
