摘要：中岛乔治于1905年出生于美国华盛顿州斯波坎市，早年便立志学习建筑。他就读于华盛顿大学，并于1931年获得麻省理工学院硕士学位。之后，他远赴海外，游历世界，学习不同的建筑风格和方法。中岛一生致力于设计和制作限量版定制家具，这些独一无二的艺术品使他成为工作室家具
George Nakashima (1905-1990)
中岛乔治于1905年出生于美国华盛顿州斯波坎市，早年便立志学习建筑。他就读于华盛顿大学，并于1931年获得麻省理工学院硕士学位。之后，他远赴海外，游历世界，学习不同的建筑风格和方法。中岛一生致力于设计和制作限量版定制家具，这些独一无二的艺术品使他成为工作室家具运动的前沿人物。他于1956年凭借标志性的半圆形屋顶设计，让Conoid Studio名声大噪。工作室内，他设计了一系列名为“科诺伊德”的家具单品。该系列包括一款悬臂椅，也成为他最著名且销量最好的作品之一。
中岛乔治一生践行着"将树木灵魂延续于木作"的哲学，这种敬畏自然的精神不仅体现在他的家具设计中，更深深烙印在他位于宾夕法尼亚州新希望（New Hope）的故居里。1946年，他在一片12英亩的森林中亲手建造了这座融合日式禅意与美式粗犷风格的住宅，建筑本身就像他最著名的作品——那些带有"自然边"（live edge）的胡桃木长桌一样，保留着材料最本真的形态。粗粝的石头地基托起挑高的木构架，巨大的落地窗将四季更迭的森林景色引入室内，这里既是他的家，也是工作室，更是其木作美学的立体宣言。
中岛乔治建筑群（Nakashima Complex）是美国国家历史地标，并被列入世界古迹基金会观察名单。该建筑群由20世纪美国设计和工作室工艺运动领军人物乔治·中岛（George Nakashima）建造，包含14座建筑，融合了国际风格与现代主义影响，同时继承了日本传统木工技艺，具有重要的建筑创新价值。
接待室Reception Area
展厅Showroom
库房Finshing Room
Chair Shop椅子工厂
Conoid Studio工作室
Art Building艺术大楼
Pole Barn杆式谷仓
lumber Sheds木材棚
Pool house泳池住宅
Main Shop主店
1945年，中岛乔治发现了位于Aquetong路旁的一处朝南斜坡，并说服了土地所有者，允许他以劳役交换的方式购得三英亩土地。随着业务的扩展，他又购置了两块土地，并增建了十多座建筑，所有建筑均朝南而建，旨在最大限度地利用被动式太阳能。George深受日本传统建筑理念“气韵”（意指尊重自然与运用本土材料的和谐之美）的影响，同时他也勇于尝试创新，如采用扭曲壳技术，该技术能以极少的材料覆盖大面积的空间。他根据实际需求，随着时间的推移和收入的增加，逐步完成了这些建筑。
George Nakashima discovered the south-facing slope along Aquetong Road in 1945 and persuaded the owner to let him purchase three acres of land in exchange for labor. As his business grew, he purchased two more parcels of land and built a dozen more buildings, all facing south to maximize passive solar gain.George embraced the traditional Japanese building principles of “ki-mon” – respect for the natural landscape and use of indigenous materials – while also experimenting with new innovations, like warped-shell technology that enabled the spanning of large areas with very little material. He built the structures out of necessity, over time and as his income afforded him to do so.
Conoid Studio, 1959，建筑群中唯一一座钢筋混凝土结构的建筑，是老先生的拱形建筑实验。
Conoid Studio是中岛乔治扭曲壳体实验的登峰造极之作，也是唯一一个采用钢筋混凝土建造的建筑。工作室南端宽敞的玻璃墙能在冬季吸收大量阳光热量。虽然内部设有住宅厨房和浴室，但工作室主要是为设计部门打造的基地，还配备有地下室，用于存放小块木材供客户挑选桌面。
The Conoid Studio is the tour de force of Nakashima’s warped-shell experiments, and the only one built in reinforced concrete. The expansive glass walls on the building’s southern end afford a large amount of solar gain in the wintertime. Although it houses a residential kitchen and bath, the Studio was built as a home base for the Design Department, complete with a basement to host a collection of smaller planks of wood from which clients may select table-tops.
"无论走到哪里，我都能感受到父亲的存在，"乔治·中岛的女儿米拉·中岛说道。这些覆盖着两扇壁橱门的亚麻面板，是米拉八岁时的画作。
Showroom建于1954年，当时凯文出生，家族的家庭办公室已无法满足空间需求。该建筑最初设有完整的浴室、厨房和后部的小卧室，这些区域后来都被改造为办公空间。沉重的橡木框架由回收的谷仓横梁精制而成。展示厅至今仍陈列着家具，并设有一家小型礼品店，出售现成的家具单品。
The Showroom was built in 1954, when Kevin was born and the family’s home office was no longer sufficient for its spatial needs. The building originally included a full bath, kitchen, and small bedroom in the back, which have since been reappropriated as office space. The heavy oak frame is crafted from recycled barn beams. The Showroom continues to display furniture and houses a small gift shop of readily available pieces.
The Showroom, 1954，建于儿子 Kevin 出生之时。目前用来展示家具、有个礼品商店。
Finishing Room是一座高耸简约的混凝土砌块建筑，朝南的一面设有玻璃墙；它原本用于存放木材，但自1956年起被精整部门接管，同时作为家具装卸码头使用。下层棚屋顶部覆盖着波纹金属过梁，上部墙体则按19世纪中叶日本的传统做法填充了稻草。该建筑目前正在进行扩建和翻新，包括安装更先进的气候控制系统。
The Finishing Room is a tall, simple concrete block building with a south-facing glass wall; it was originally intended for lumber storage, but was taken over in 1956 by the Finishing Department and also serves as the furniture loading dock. The lower shed is topped by a corrugated transite roof, and its upper walls are filled in with straw as was customary in mid-19th Century Japan. The building is currently undergoing expansion and renovation, including installation of better climate control.
The Finishing Room, 1956，一开始用来储存原木，目前正在扩建，改善温控条件。
Chair Shop采用混凝土砌块建造，屋顶为胶合板圆锥体壳体，是为毗邻的钢筋混凝土壳体建筑（即圆锥体工作室）所做的研究。车间原本打算用作木工的休息室，但很快便成为了椅子部门的所在地。冬季，工作间南侧的阳光和暖意十足，木工们经常拉上遮阳帘，打开窗户。
The Chair Shop was constructed of concrete block with a plywood conoid shell roof, a study for the neighboring reinforced concrete shell building that became the Conoid Studio. Originally intended as a break room for the woodworkers, it quickly came to house the Chair Department. The work-room’s southern side gets so much direct sunshine and warmth in the wintertime that woodworkers often pull the shades and open the windows.
Sanso Villa是中岛乔治设计的该地产上最后一座建筑。他采用了最优质的材料建造：雪松木摇瓦屋顶由剪刀式桁架和三根大型天然立柱（日语中称为“oya-bashira”）支撑；地板采用血色桦木和黑胡桃木，旁边是一间榻榻米房间；墙体材料“kyo-kabe”则从日本京都进口。餐厅内的两块木板拼接而成的英国黑胡桃木餐桌，似乎是Nakashima后来创作的和平祭坛（Peace Altar）项目的原型。
The identity of La Bella Vita is defined by the striking layout of the building’s interiors. Four lower volumes with stacked balconies in fact underpin an amber-coloured, 37-storey upper section, wrapped in a honeycomb window structure.The Reception House or Sanso Villa was the last building on the property designed and constructed by George Nakashima. He did so using the finest materials available to him: the cedar shake roof is supported by scissor trusses and three large natural posts (called “oya-bashira” in Japanese); the floors are of bloody birch and walnut, with a tatami mat room off to the side; the wall material, called “kyo-kabe,” was imported from Kyoto, Japan. The two-board, book-matched English walnut table in the dining room appears to be the prototype for Nakashima’s later Peace Altar projects.
The Reception House / Sanso Villa, 1975，中岛乔治生前建造的最后一座房子。不惜血本用了最好的材料。比如墙面用了京都进口的 kyo-kabe 材料。吊灯由好友野口勇设计。
Arts Building建于1967年，其顶部覆盖着一个大型半悬挑的双曲面胶合板屋顶，最初作为中岛乔治夫妇挚友Ben Shahn艺术作品的画廊。可通过有顶走廊进入的三个小房间被称为回廊。2002年，Marion将其赠予Foundation for Peace，2008年，Nakashima地产被列入国家历史建筑名录，2014年被指定为世界纪念碑。
Capped by a large, semi-cantilevered, hyperbolic paraboloid plywood roof, the Arts Building was erected in 1967 as a gallery for the artwork of Ben Shahn, a dear friend of the Nakashimas. The three small rooms accessible by covered walkway are known as the Cloisters. Given by Marion to the Foundation for Peace in 2002, it opened the door to the Nakashima property being listed on the National Register of Historic Buildings in 2008 and designated a World Monument in 2014.
The Arts Building / 1967 / 这座建筑顶部覆盖着一个大型半悬挑的双曲抛物面胶合板屋顶，最初是为中岛夫妇的挚友本·沙恩（Ben Shahn）的艺术作品而建造的画廊。
Arts Building & Cloisters, 1967
Pole Barn是地产上唯一一座在Nakashima1990年去世后设计和建造的建筑，当时他留下了一大堆场外定制的锯木，需要安置。杆式棚屋原本由Mira构想为传统的宾夕法尼亚州杆式建筑，后由她女儿Maria和她的父亲Tetsu Amagasu改造，以适应叉车操作，并于1995年扩建，存储空间翻倍。杆式棚屋存放着地产上最多的木材，其收藏品不断被研究，作为新作品的灵感来源。
The Pole Barn is the only building on the property that was designed and built after George Nakashima’s passing in 1990, when he left behind a prodigious pile of custom-sawn lumber off-site that needed a home. Originally conceived by Mira as a traditional Pennsylvania pole barn, the building was modified by her daughter Maria and Maria’s father Tetsu Amagasu to accommodate a fork lift, and expanded in 1995 to double its storage space. The Pole Barn houses the largest amount of lumber on the property, and its collection is constantly being studied as the basis for new work.
随着原本用于木材储存的建筑转变为精整室，1956年又建造了一座采用双曲面胶合板屋顶的混凝土砌块建筑。乔治对这部分建筑非常满意，很快就建造了第二部分，然后又建造了第三部分，不过第三部分采用了更传统的屋顶。20世纪90年代中期，增设了一台小型除湿烘干窑，更有效地烘干木材；2016年，内部进行了翻新，增加了防水、气候控制和更好的照明设施。Lumber Sheds用于存放完全烘干的木材，同时也作为展示厅，供拍摄木材并向客户展示。
As the building originally intended for lumber storage became the Finishing Room, another concrete block building was constructed using a hyperbolic paraboloid plywood roof in 1956. George was so pleased with this first section that he built a second shortly thereafter, then a third with a more conventional roof. A small dehumidification kiln was added in the mid-1990s to dry the lumber more effectively, and in 2016 the interiors were renovated with waterproofing, climate control, and better lighting. The Lumber Sheds are used to house thoroughly kiln-dried lumber, and as showrooms to photograph wood and show it to clients.
Pool House于1958年首次搭建，是米拉在高中时期与乔治一起参与的动手建筑项目。倾斜的桶形拱顶胶合板壳体仅靠侧墙支撑，两端敞开，仅供夏季使用。泳池及其悬挑式甲板的独特设计在1960年荣获当地设计奖。
The “mock-up” of the Pool House was first raised in 1958, as Mira’s hands-on building project with George while she was in high school. The canted barrel vault plywood shell is supported only by the side walls and is open at both ends, as it was only intended for summertime use. The unusual shape of the pool with its cantilevered deck won a local award for its design in 1960.
The Pool house / 1958 / 这座泳池屋的雏形初建于1958年，是当时还在读高中的米拉与乔治共同参与的实践建筑项目。倾斜的筒形拱顶胶合板壳体仅由两侧墙壁支撑，两端完全敞开，最初仅作为夏季使用空间而设计。
地产上的第一座建筑——Main Shop采用简单的混凝土砌块建造，顶部覆盖着波纹金属过梁。1954年之前，这里既是中岛乔治的办公室和展示厅，也是车间和精整室。如今，它主要用作主机房，当需要更多空间时，便增加了工作区；其中一个工作区占用了之前用作工作室卡车停车棚的区域。
The first building on the property, the Main Shop was constructed of simple concrete block and topped with a corrugated transite roof. Until 1954, it housed the Nakashima office and showroom as well as the workshop and finishing room. It now functions as the main machine room, where workspaces were added when more space became necessary; one workroom took over what was previously used as the carport for the Studio’s truck.
来源：火车头美学
