柳叶刀 | 减轻痛苦,缓和医疗必不可少

360影视 日韩动漫 2025-05-12 18:07 1

摘要:作为卫生系统的一项道德责任,缓和医疗在中低收入国家的可及性仍然很差。《柳叶刀》(The Lancet)发表的评论指出,缓和医疗是必不可少的,各国卫生部门应确保所有需要的人都能获得缓和医疗,同时,应为所有可能接触重症患者的卫生专业人员提供强制性的缓和医疗教育,将

作为卫生系统的一项道德责任,缓和医疗在中低收入国家的可及性仍然很差。《柳叶刀》(The Lancet)发表的评论指出,缓和医疗是必不可少的,各国卫生部门应确保所有需要的人都能获得缓和医疗,同时,应为所有可能接触重症患者的卫生专业人员提供强制性的缓和医疗教育,将其纳入公共必修课和继续教育课程。此外,在实施缓和医疗时,还需适应当地的价值观和生活传统,实现可持续的社区参与。为了提高缓和医疗的可及性,未来需要机构间建立更强有力的合作关系。

就在十多年前,世界卫生大会(World Health Assembly)一致决定,缓和医疗(palliative care,旧称姑息治疗)是卫生系统的一项道德责任;然而,在中低收入国家(LMICs),缓和医疗的可及性仍然很差[1-3]全球每年有7300多万人经受健康相关的严重痛苦(serious health-related suffering, SHS),并且这一数字预计将呈指数级增长[5],而这些痛苦是可以通过缓和医疗来解决的[4]。然而,在经历SHS的人群中,只有约12%的成人和2%的儿童接受了缓和医疗,并且这其中的大多数都在高收入国家[2];而中低收入国家SHS患者的缓和医疗需求却占全球需求的80%以上[2,4]。尽管人们一再呼吁制定更多更好的缓和医疗政策、宣教、研究和资助[3,4,6-10],但在未来十年中,迫切需要有效的实施策略来推动缓和医疗的普及。在本评论中,严重疾病的患者、全球和地区缓和医疗组织的代表、《柳叶刀》相关重大报告的代表以及其他主要参与者,通过实施创新措施、扩大跨专业和跨学科的合作伙伴关系,为大幅提高缓和医疗的可及性提供了指导,并为2025年世界卫生大会做准备,从而在未来十年中切实减轻痛苦。

首先,所有卫生部门都应正式承认缓和医疗是必不可少的,而非可有可无的,没有缓和医疗,全民健康覆盖(universal health coverage, UHC)就无法实现[3,6]。各国卫生部门应根据当地情况调整《柳叶刀》缓和医疗与疼痛缓解全球可及性重大报告(TheLancetCommission on Global Access to Palliative Care and Pain Relief, GAPCAR)提出的可负担的缓和医疗基础服务包(Essential Package of Palliative Care),并确保所有需要的人,无论其年龄或患有何种疾病,都能获得缓和医疗[6]。各国卫生部门还应确保缓和医疗是所有接触重症患者卫生人员的工作职责,并且必须在官方政策和法规中明确这些职责,不仅限于肿瘤科医生,还包括其他专科医生(如内科医生、心脏病专科医生、重症医学科医生、儿科医生、老年病科医生和外科医生)、护士、社会工作者、药剂师、牧师和多学科初级卫生保健临床医生。同时,卫生部门还必须在地方和国家层面为建设缓和医疗基础设施提供资助,包括将医院、家庭等各个级别的缓和医疗服务纳入公共医疗保险。

应为所有可能接触重症患者的卫生专业人员提供强制性的缓和医疗教育,并将其纳入公共必修课和继续教育课程。整合缓和医疗教育将有助于卫生专业人员在家庭和文化背景下、以整体视角看待和治疗患者,帮助他们克服照护重症患者时的不适感,并掌握减轻复杂症状痛苦的核心技能。此外,此类教育培训应充分利用国际上现有的资源,以避免重复,并在可能的情况下根据当地的实际情况和传统医学实践进行改进。

其次,缓和医疗需适应当地的价值观和生活传统[11]。《柳叶刀》死亡价值重大报告(TheLancetCommission on the Value of Death)强调了社区在严重疾病、临终和悲伤阶段中的作用[7]。最佳照护旨在提供最大程度的支持,让患者安详而有尊严地面对死亡,但其具体形式因文化和地域而异。应赋予社区权力,使其在当地缓和医疗的发展和供给中发挥积极作用。

还可以利用媒体和人工智能开展有意识的宣传活动,让重症患者、当地缓和医疗和信仰组织,以及其他社会文化机构参与进来,从而实现可持续的社区参与。缓和医疗应根据具体情境进行改进,以最符合文化传统的方式减轻痛苦[12]。这些为当地社区所做的共同努力,将有助于消除缓和医疗的污名化,并打破使最贫困人口遭受最大痛苦的权力失衡。

第三,应支持开展相关研究,分析政策与实践之间的差距,制定解决方案,并将证据转化为国家卫生发展规划和政策[6,8-10],这包括更好地量化评估痛苦、明确缓和医疗的需求等等。我们支持GAPCAR重大报告提出的关于衡量痛苦调整生命年(suffering-adjusted life years, SALYs)以补充伤残调整生命年(disability-adjusted life years, DALYs)的倡议[6]。DALYs(即因过早死亡而损失的生命年数与因伤残而损失的生命年数之和)并未考虑痛苦的负担(尤其是生命末期的严重痛苦)和社会心理或精神层面的痛苦(这些痛苦可能导致医疗成本和生产力的损失,并且原本是可以避免的)。DALYs还默认在健康状况不佳的情况下每一年都具有相同的价值,但实际上,临终阶段的时间具有的价值可能截然不同[13]。SALYs可以补充DALY计算中的伤残权重,并根据痛苦的严重程度计算因痛苦而损失的生命年数。此外,采取创新措施,对各国因缓和医疗服务不力而造成的痛苦程度进行分级,可以推动政府履行责任。

最后,为了大幅提高缓和医疗的可及性,缓和医疗的相关组织和实施者需要与各专业领域、政府和非政府组织的专家和践行者建立更强有力的合作关系。例如,实现阿片类镇痛药的普及和安全可及是有效、公平地提供缓和医疗的前提,但这就需要与联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(UN Office of Drugs and Crime)、药物管制人员、减少伤害和药物使用障碍方面的专家、供应链专家以及疼痛医学、药学、麻醉学和灾害医学等领域的领导者建立合作关系[15]。鉴于全球超过8%的人口生活在极端的社会经济贫困中[16],还需要与社会工作部和扶贫组织建立伙伴关系。此外,预计到2025年,全球将有3.05亿人面临人道主义危机,每五名儿童中就有一人将生活在冲突中或受到冲突的影响[17]。如果对人道主义和卫生危机的应对措施不包括全生命周期的缓和医疗服务,那么它们就是不完善的[8]。因此,与人道主义健康响应组织建立伙伴关系比以往任何时候都更为重要。

随着2025年世界卫生大会的临近,我们再次呼吁开展多层次的、循证为基础的倡导工作,以扩大缓和医疗服务的范围,并制订区域性战略,确保基本缓和医疗药物(如阿片类药物)的安全可及性[9,14]。面对全球健康面临的严重威胁,世界卫生组织成员国迫切需要扩大宣传并加强跨专业合作,以维持和扩大对全球贫困人口的全面照护,而缓和医疗始终被包括在内。深度整合的、可及和高质量的缓和医疗不仅在经济上可行,更是卫生保健伦理原则和2030年实现全民健康覆盖目标的必要条件。END

*William E Rosa, Stephen Connor, Ghauri Aggarwal, Samy Alsirafy, Joanne Brennan, Helena Davies, Julia Downing, Betty Ferrell, Richard Harding, Felicia Marie Knaul, Emmanuel B K Luyirika, María M Marroquín, Joan Marston, Lukas Radbruch, M R Rajagopal, Libby Sallnow, Eric L Krakauer

Competing Interests

SC is Executive Director of Worldwide Hospice Palliative Care Alliance (WHPCA). SA is a board member for WHPCA. LR is Chair of the board of directors of the International Association for Hospice & Palliative Care (IAHPC). LS provided an April, 2025 plenary for the Asia Pacific Hospice Network conference in Malaysia, for which travel and accommodation was provided by the conference organisers, and was the lead author for the Lancet Commission on the Value of Death. RH is a trustee for the Marie Curie charity, Co-Chair of the African Palliative Care Association Research Network, a steering committee member for the British HIV Association, and Vice-Chair of the WHPCA (all unpaid). FMK receives consulting fees from Merck, EMD Serono, and Tecnológico de Monterrey; received financial support for travel to St Jude Children's Research Hospital (Memphis, TN, USA); is the founding President of Tómatelo a Pecho, Asociación Civil, a Senior Economist for the Mexican Health Foundation, and a member of the board of directors of the IAHPC; and was Co-Chair of the Lancet Commission on Global Access to Palliative Care and Pain Relief. WER is partially supported by the National Cancer Institute–US National Institutes of Health comprehensive cancer center award (P30CA008748) and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Harold Amos Medical Faculty Development Program. All other authors declare no competing interests.

参考文献

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中文翻译仅供参考,所有内容以英文原文为准。

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00678-6

来源:柳叶刀TheLancet

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