英语中虚拟语气是什么?底层含义是什么?都有哪些情况?

摘要:一般现在时通常用于描述真实的、经常发生的或客观存在的情况。而虚拟语气表达的是和事实不符的假设、愿望等非真实情况。过去时态在时间上和现在拉开了距离,这种“距离感”被用来象征与现实的偏离。

虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人的主观愿望、假设、猜测、建议等非真实的情况。

那人们为什么要用过去的时态来表示虚拟?底层逻辑是什么?

在英语中用过去时态表示虚拟语气,底层逻辑主要和“距离现实的程度”有关。

一般现在时通常用于描述真实的、经常发生的或客观存在的情况。而虚拟语气表达的是和事实不符的假设、愿望等非真实情况。过去时态在时间上和现在拉开了距离,这种“距离感”被用来象征与现实的偏离。

当我们说和现在事实相反的虚拟情况时,比如“If I were you(如果我是你)”,使用一般过去时(were是be动词的过去式),就好像把这个假设的情况放置在一个和“现在”不同的时间层面,来体现它不是真实发生的。

对于和过去事实相反的虚拟,使用过去完成时,如“If I had studied harder(如果我当时学习更努力)”,这是因为过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,通过强调时间上更早的一个未发生的情况,来体现与真实的过去情况的背离。

虚拟语气的各种情况:

一、虚拟语气用于非真实条件句

- 与现在事实相反

- If I were you, I would study harder.(如果我是你,我会更努力学习。)

- If he had enough money, he would buy a new car.(如果他有足够的钱,他会买一辆新车。)

- If she knew the answer, she would tell us.(如果她知道答案,她会告诉我们。)

- If they were here, they could help us.(如果他们在这儿,他们能帮助我们。)

- If it were sunny, we would go for a picnic.(如果天气晴朗,我们会去野餐。)

- 与过去事实相反

- If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.(如果我当时更努力学习,我就会通过考试了。)

- If he had come earlier, he could have caught the train.(如果他来得更早一点,他就能赶上火车了。)

- If she had seen the movie, she would have liked it.(如果她看了那部电影,她会喜欢它的。)

- If they had taken a taxi, they might have arrived on time.(如果他们当时坐出租车,他们可能会准时到达。)

- If it had rained yesterday, the game would have been cancelled.(如果昨天下雨了,比赛就会被取消。)

- 与将来事实相反

- If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.(万一明天下雨,我们就待在家里。)

- If he were to come next week, I would tell him the news.(要是他下周来,我会告诉他这个消息。)

- If she would go to the party, she would meet many friends.(如果她去参加聚会,她会见到很多朋友。)

- If they were to lose the game, they would be very sad.(如果他们输掉比赛,他们会很伤心。)

- If I were to fly to the moon, I would take a lot of pictures.(要是我能飞到月球,我会拍很多照片。)

二、虚拟语气用于宾语从句

- 表示“建议、要求、命令”等意义的动词后的宾语从句,从句谓语用“should + 动词原形”,should可省略。

- I suggest that he (should) take a break.(我建议他休息一下。)

- The teacher demands that the students (should) arrive on time.(老师要求学生们准时到达。)

- She ordered that the work (should) be finished at once.(她命令这项工作马上完成。)

- We propose that the meeting (should) be postponed.(我们提议会议推迟。)

- He insisted that she (should) come with him.(他坚持要她和他一起去。)

三、虚拟语气用于表语从句和同位语从句

- 在表示“建议、要求、命令”等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中,从句谓语用“should + 动词原形”,should可省略。

- My suggestion is that we (should) hold a meeting.(我的建议是我们开个会。)

- The order that we (should) stay here is very important.(我们要待在这儿的命令很重要。)

- Her advice that he (should) see a doctor was ignored.(她让他看医生的建议被忽视了。)

- The requirement that students (should) wear uniforms is reasonable.(学生应该穿校服的要求是合理的。)

- The proposal that we (should) build a new factory is under discussion.(我们应该建一个新工厂的提议正在讨论中。)

来源:大明哥杂谈

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