摘要：1960年，国际海事组织（IMO）召开了首个聚焦海上安全议题的国际会议。此次会议通过了《1960年国际海上人命安全公约》（1960 年SOLAS公约）。该公约于1965年生效，取代《1948 年SOLAS公约》。其内容涵盖了旨在提升航运安全的一系列措施，包括：

IMO, WHAT IT does (1): Safety

IMO的职责（1）：海上安全

The first conference organized by IMO in 1960 was, appropriately enough, concerned with maritime safety. That conference adopted the International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), which came into force in 1965, replacing a version adopted in 1948. The 1960 SOLAS Convention covered a wide range of measures designed to improve the safety of shipping. They included subdivision and stability; machinery and electrical installations; fire protection, detection and extinction; life-saving appliances; radiotelegraphy and radiotelephony; safety of navigation; carriage of grain; carriage of dangerous goods; and nuclear ships.

1960年，国际海事组织（IMO）召开了首个聚焦海上安全议题的国际会议。此次会议通过了《1960年国际海上人命安全公约》（1960 年SOLAS公约）。该公约于1965年生效，取代《1948 年SOLAS公约》。其内容涵盖了旨在提升航运安全的一系列措施，包括：船舶分舱与稳性；机电设备；防火、探火和灭火；救生设备；无线电报与无线电话；航行安全；谷物运输；危险货物运输；以及核能船舶。

IMO adopted a new version of SOLAS in 1974. This incorporated amendments adopted to the 1960 Convention as well as other changes, including an improved amendment procedure under which amendments adopted by the MSC would enter into force on a predetermined date unless they were objected to by a specific number of States. The 1974 SOLAS Convention entered into force on 25 May 1980 and has since been modified on a number of occasions, to take account of technical advances and changes in the industry.

1974年，IMO通过了新版《SOLAS公约》。《1974年 SOLAS公约》纳入了《1960 年SOLAS公约》所做的各项修正，并引入了其他改进举措，包括一项重要程序——"默认接受程序"，即由海上安全委员会（MSC）通过的修正案将在预定日期自动生效，除非有特定数量的缔约国提出反对。《1974 年SOLAS公约》于1980年5月25日正式生效。此后，为了紧跟技术进步与航运业变革，其又历经了多次修订。

Other safety-related conventions adopted by IMO include the International Convention on Load Lines, 1966 (an update of a previous, 1930, convention); the International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969; the Convention on International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREG) which made traffic separation schemes adopted by IMO mandatory and considerably reduced the number of collisions in many areas; and the International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue, 1979.

IMO 通过的与海上安全相关的其他公约包括：《1966年国际船舶载重线公约》（对《1930年国际船舶载重线公约》的内容升级）；《1969年国际船舶吨位丈量公约》；《1972年国际海上避碰规则公约》（COLREG），该公约使 IMO 制定的分道通航制成为强制性规定，显著降低了很多区域内的碰撞事故发生率；以及《1979年国际海上搜寻救助公约》。

In 1976 IMO adopted the Convention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT) and its Operating Agreement. The Convention came into force in July 1979 and later resulted in the establishment of the International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO), which, like IMO, is based in London. (Inmarsat remains as a commercial company.)

1976年，IMO 通过了《国际海事卫星组织（INMARSAT）公约》和《国际海事卫星组织业务协定》。该公约于1979年7月生效，后续推动成立了“国际移动卫星组织（IMSO）”。其与IMO一样，总部设于英国伦敦。（原INMARSAT则继续作为一家商业公司存续。）

Fishing is so different from other forms of maritime activity that hardly any of the conventions of IMO could be made directly applicable to fishing vessels. The 1977 Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels was intended to remedy some of these problems, but technical difficulties meant that the Convention never entered into force. It was modified by a protocol in 1993. A Conference in South Africa in October 2012 adopted an agreement which will assist in bringing the treaty into force.

因渔业活动与其他海事活动存在显著差异，致使几乎所有IMO公约都无法直接适用于渔船。《1977年托雷莫利诺斯国际渔船安全公约》旨在解决其中一些问题，但由于技术原因，未能生效。1993年，IMO通过了《托雷莫利诺斯议定书》，对《1977年托雷莫利诺斯国际渔船安全公约》进行了修订。2012年10月，在南非召开的会议再次通过了促进公约生效的新协定《关于执行与有关的1993年规定的开普敦协定》。

IMO has always attached the utmost importance to the training of ships' personnel. In 1978 the Organization convened a conference which adopted the first ever International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers. The STCW Convention entered into force in April 1984. It established, for the first time, internationally acceptable minimum standards for crews. It was revised in 1995. The amendments entered into force in 1997. Following a comprehensive review, substantive revisions to update the STCW Convention, and its related STCW Code, were adopted in 2010, at a Conference held in the Philippines (the so-called "Manila amendments").

IMO始终将船上人员培训置于首位。1978 年，IMO召开会议并通过《1978年海员培训、发证和值班标准国际公约》（STCW 公约）。该公约于1984年4月生效，首次确立了国际公认的船员最低资质标准。1995年，IMO对《STCW 公约》进行了修正。修正案于1997年生效。经过全面审查，2010年在菲律宾召开的会议上，IMO通过了对《STCW 公约》与《STCW 规则》的重大修订（即“马尼拉修正案”）。

供稿：新港海事局 谭韵璇

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来源：京津冀消息通