一种弹性光热石墨烯改性海绵，用于智能废水净化和可持续生态修复

摘要：油性废水的广泛排放对全球生态系统和人类健康造成了严重危害。虽然超润湿材料为油性废水的分离与净化提供了极具前景的低能耗解决方案，但现有技术在孔隙结构控制效率低下，且对多组分乳液中高粘度油相的分离性能欠佳。本文，浙江工业大学胡艳军教授团队在《ADVANCED FU

1成果简介

油性废水的广泛排放对全球生态系统和人类健康造成了严重危害。虽然超润湿材料为油性废水的分离与净化提供了极具前景的低能耗解决方案，但现有技术在孔隙结构控制效率低下，且对多组分乳液中高粘度油相的分离性能欠佳。本文，浙江工业大学胡艳军教授团队在《ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS》期刊发表名为“Elastic-Photothermal Graphene-Modified Super-Wetting Sponge for Efficient Purification of Multicomponent Oil-Water Emulsions”的论文，研究提出一种弹性光热石墨烯改性海绵，通过“膨胀-收缩”浸渍策略制备而成，可实现应变响应式孔隙结构调控及净化通量调节（15–450L m−2 h−1）。

该系统在多种污染物类别中展现卓越净化性能：染料去除率达99.9%，乳液分离率达99.8%，综合效率超过98.6%。光热效应更促进乳液中高粘油相快速迁移，突破传输限制实现99.2%分离效率。相较现有超润湿材料，该材料在综合性能上具有显著优势。概念验证表明：经处理的高负荷含油废弃乳液滤液不仅符合中国农业灌溉标准，其生物相容性更可媲美纯净水。此外，经处理的有毒工业染料废水滤液亦能支持斑马鱼胚胎正常发育。本研究开创性地构建了融合光热效应与应变响应机制的动态水处理系统，为智能废水净化与可持续生态修复提供了可扩展解决方案。

2图文导读

图1、a) Schematic illustration of the Graphene-PDMS sponge with outstanding comprehensive water purification performance and b) its fabrication process. c) Wetting behavior of liquid and oil droplets on the sponge surface. d) Contact angles of water droplets in air and oil droplets underwater. e) Directional adsorption of light and heavy oils in water. Demonstration of f) dye purification, g) cetane emulsion separation, and h) photothermal-enhanced separation of the high-viscous oil phase in emulsions.

图2.a) SEM and b) CLSM images of Graphene-PDMS and unmodified PDMS sponges. c) Effect of graphene loading on the porous structural properties of the sponge, including porosity, total pore area, median pore diameter, and volume density. d) Pore size distribution of unmodified PDMS and Graphene-PDMS sponges. e) Stress-strain curves of unmodified PDMS and Graphene-PDMS sponges after different cycles.

图3、Purification performance of 20 mg L−1 MB dye solution at a) 0% and b) 50% compression strain. c) Absorbance curves of the filtrate and stock solution at different compression strains (0–50%). d) MB and CR purification efficiency and flux at different compression strains (0–50%).

图4、a) Schematic of the cetane emulsion separation system with optical microscopy images of the stock solution and filtrate. b) Oil droplet size distribution in the stock solution and filtrate. c) Separation efficiency and permeate flux of various oil-in-water emulsions. d) Comparison of dye emulsion, dye solution of the same concentration, and filtrate from one-step filtration. e) Absorbance curves of MB and CR dye emulsions, filtrate, and deionized water. f) Separation efficiency and dye removal performance were evaluated by COD and dye removal efficiency.

图6、Optical microscopy images of a) the stock solution and b) the filtrate under light-on and off conditions. c) Mechanism of high-viscous oil phase separation under non-photothermal as well as photothermal conditions. d) Absorbance curves of the stock solution, filtrate (with and without light), and distilled water. e) Turbidity comparison of filtrate with and without light at 0–50% compression strain, and f) COD separation efficiency.

图6、a) Schematic of the purification system under light. b) Wheat seed germination rate and sprout height in hydroponic growth using purified water, filtrate, and stock solution. c) Germination rate comparison over 1–3 days. d) Sprout height comparison over 5–10 days. e) Comparison of Reactive Black 5 dye with filtrate. f) Hatchability of fry and length of juveniles in stained solution versus filtrate. g) Image of egg condition during hatching period. h) Images of fry condition in the the stained solution versus the filtrate during flat swimming period.

3小结

本研究提出一种多维动态净化策略，通过将弹性基底与光热调制相结合，提升复杂乳化废水处理的适应性与效率。弹性光热石墨烯改性海绵将高石墨烯负载量与弹性超润湿表面协同作用，实现染料吸附、多组分乳液净化及光热破乳的多功能集成。动态压缩模块通过应变调控调节孔隙结构，优化污染物接触时间与通量平衡。该方案突破传统静态材料局限，实现15-450 L m⁻² h⁻¹的可调净化通量，染料去除率超99.9%，整体乳液净化效率达98.6%以上。光热效应增强油相流变特性，使粘稠油吸附速率提升317倍，实现99.2%效率的水包油乳液分离。此外，高负荷含油食品废弃物乳液的滤液符合中国农业灌溉水质标准，其生物活性与纯净水相当，彰显了水资源循环利用的潜力。本研究提出超润湿材料的动态功能化设计新思路，为工业及生活废水处理提供高度兼容的解决方案，助力水管理领域污染物减排与资源回收，支持生态安全与可持续发展。

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