摘要:英语的代词不多,使用时一定要清楚指代什么。今天来说一下人称代词(Personal Pronouns)。因为人称在句中所起的语法作用不同,有主格、宾格和所有格之分。
英语的代词不多,使用时一定要清楚指代什么。今天来说一下人称代词(Personal Pronouns)。因为人称在句中所起的语法作用不同,有主格、宾格和所有格之分。
例如:
I, me, my ; he, him, his ; they, them,their等。
人称代词主格(The nominative case)用作主语;宾格(The objective case)用作宾语;所有格(The possessive case)则表示所有之物,不能单独使用,后面要跟名词,所以也叫所有格形容词。这里要区别于所有格代词,如:mine(我的),yours(你的),his(他的),hers(她的),ours(我们的),yours(你们的),theirs(他们的)。
在实际运用中,主格和宾格代词有时会混淆。下面是常见的问题:
⒈在复合结构里,人称代词的主格和宾格在单独使用时,一般不会出错,很少人会犯下这样的错误:
*(1)Wilcox spoke to I.
应改为:Wilcox spoke to me.
威尔科克斯和我讲话了。
*(2)Her knew what had happened.
应改为:She knew what had happened.
她知道发生了什么。
但在复合结构中,错误就难免了,例如:
*(3)Wilcox spoke to my friend and I.
应改为: Wilcox spoke to my friend and me.
威尔科克斯对我和我的朋友说了。
*(4)He and her knew what had happened.
应改为:He and she knew what had happened.
他和她知道发生了什么。
*(5)This is between you and he.
应改为: This is between you and him.
这是你和他之间的事情。
上面列出的错误其实是可避免的。记住:在有介词的复合结构中,特别要注意第二个人称代词,必须用宾语,因为它同样做介词的宾语。再比如:"for you and me"和 "between Maria and him"。
解决办法:试把复合结构中的前面部分暂时用括号围起来,那么后面该用的格就容易辨别了,例如:
(6)This message is for (My father and) I or me.
这条短信是写给我的。
(7)(Mary and) he or him went downtown together.
玛丽和他一起进城了。
显然的,(5)里的代词是宾格的"me", (6)里的代词是主格的"he"。
⒉在比较结构里,连词"as"或"than"后面,按理用主格式,但在口语中,人们常用宾格形式,学美式英语者更是如此:
(8)a. You did as well as she.
b. You did as well as her.
你和她做的一样好。
(9)a. I am older than he.
b. I am older than him.
我比他年纪大。
上面(a)和(b)两种说法都可接受。但是仅在口语中,如果书面语时还是要用主格。
如果"as"和"than"后头分句的主语和谓语完整出现的话,这时的人称代词,就必须是主格,如 下:
(10)You did as well as she did.
(11)I am older than he is .
此外,还有一点要注意,就是"as"和"than"后面虽然在语法上用主格好,用宾格也可,但是有时意思会有所不同。试比较(a)和(b):
(12)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I.
杰森比我更能表扬玛利亚。
b. Jason praised Maria more highly than me.
杰森表扬玛利亚比表扬我更厉害。
上面(12)a和b都被接受,但(12)a的意思等于(13)a,而(12)b的意思等于(13)B:
(13)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I did (= I praised Maria).
b. Jason praised Maria more highly than he praised me.
显然,这两句的深层意思大有差别。遇到这种情形,为了避免误解,不妨根据要表达的意思用完整的句式表达出来。换句话说,必要的话,要用(13)这句子。
不然,把(13)a变成(14), (13)b变成(15)也可:
(14)I did not praise Maria as highly as Jason did.
我不如杰森那样对玛利亚大加赞扬。
(15)Jason did not praise me as highly as he praised Maria.
杰森没有像他表扬玛利亚那样表扬我。
来源:昊然教育