摘要：虽然except和except for 都表示“除去…之外”或“不包括”的意思，但并不能任意互换。
1.except VS except for
虽然except和except for 都表示“除去…之外”或“不包括”的意思，但并不能任意互换。
(1)except for 的后面只能接名词和名词短语，而except的后面既可以接名词、名词短语，也可以接从句、代词、副词、介词短语甚至动词。
You are allowed to smoke everywhere except in the lobby.(接介词)你可以在除大堂以外的任何地方抽烟。
She looked everywhere except here.(接副词)除了这里，她哪都看了。
She didn't do anything except watch TV.(接动词)[见(4)]
昨天下午，除了看电视她什么都没做。
He usually goes to work by bicycle except when it rains. (接从句)
除了下雨的时候，他通常骑自行车去上班。
The dish you cooked was great except that it could use more salt.(接从句)
你做的这道菜很好吃，就是味道可以稍微再咸一点。
在上面的例句中，我们不能用except for来替代except，这是因为只有在except 后面才能接从句，而except for后不能接从句。我们只能在except for后加名词或名词短语。
My manager loves my report except for the few mistakes I made.
除了几个错误以外，我的经理觉得我的这份报告很好。
The parrot is totally green except for its yellow wings.
这只鹦鹉除了翅膀是黄色的以外其它地方都是绿色的。
（2）一个出现了像 all, any, anything, every, everything, no, nobody, nothing, nowhere等概括性词语的时候，才能在except后跟名词和名词短语。此时，except与except for 可以互换使用。
I hate all types of desserts except apple crumble.
I hate all types of desserts except for apple crumble.
我讨厌所有甜食，烤苹果酥除外。
Nobody I know loves fishing except him.
Nobody I know loves fishing except for him.
我认识的人里面除了他以外没有一个爱钓鱼的。
I like all fruit except(for)oranges.(可以互换使用)
除了橙子以外的水果，我都喜欢。
(3)except for可以放在句首，而except则不能。
Except for the service, I enjoy everything about this restaurant.
除了服务以外，我觉得这家餐厅还不错。
(4)except还有一个特殊的用法:当句子中使用的谓语是单词do的任何形式时，那么except的后面接动词原形，所表示的意思和but相同。
The boy didn't do anything except cry last night.
这个男孩昨晚除了哭以外什么也没做。
2.apart from VS besides VS except for
(1)apart from不仅可以表示“除去…以外”，还指“除了…以外还有”。也就是说apart from 有时候等于besides(包含)，有时候等于except for(不包含)
Apart from this dress, I bought a hat and a pair of shoes.(包括，= besides)
除了这件连衣裙以外，我还买了一顶帽子和一双鞋。
I bought all their products apart from that dress.(不包括，= except for)
除了那件连衣裙以外，我把其它东西都买下了。
Besides London, I've been to Manchester, Newcastle and Glasgow.(包含)
除了伦敦以外，我还去过曼彻斯特、纽卡斯尔和格拉斯哥
Apart from Germany, they also visited lately and Austria.(包含，=besides, in addition to)
I like all vegetables apart from tomatoes.(不包含，=except for)
除了西红柿，我喜欢所以所有的蔬菜。(不喜欢西红柿)
Apart from Friday, I’ll be in London.(不包含，=except for)
除了星期五外，我都会在伦敦。(周五不在伦敦)
(2)besides在句子中单独使用的时候有“而且，何况”的意思，表示语意的递进。
We don't have time to watch another episode tonight. Besides, I've got a lecture to attend tomorrow morning.
我们今晚没时间再看一集了。况且我明天早上还要去听课。
3. aside from = apart from
aside from等同于apart from，用法参照 apart from。
4.but VS except
(1)两者都可表示“除…外不再有…”,但含义上略有差别:but 侧重指意义的几乎完整性，而except则侧重指后面除去的部分。比较:
All are here but one.
除一个人都到了。
All are here except one.
还有一个人没到。
(2)在现代英语中,but的介词用法十分有限,一般说来,它只能用在下列词语之后:
no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等:
any, anyone, anybody, anything. anywhere等:
every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等:
all, none等:
who, what, where等
Everyone knows it but you.
除你之外大家都知道。
I haven't told anybody but you.
除你之外，我没告诉任何人。
No one but he [him| showed much interest in it.
除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣。
We've had nothing but trouble with this car
们这辆车净出毛病。
The problem is anything but easy.
这个问题一点也不简单。
Who but Rosa could think of something like that?
除了罗莎，谁会想得到那种事?
Everyone was there but him.
除他之外，大家都在。
般说来，若没有出现上述词汇，就不宜使用介词but，否则可能造成错句。但是except 却没有以上限制。比较:
正:The window is never opened except in summer.
除夏天外,这扇窗户从不打开
误:The window is never opened but in summer.
(3)but一定不能用于句首，except通常不用于句首。
除我之外每个人都累了。
E:Everyone is tired but (except) me.
正:Everyone but (except) me is tired.
误:But Except)me, everyone is tired
来源：翅膀英语一点号
