《生鲜产品冷链减排决策及政府补贴机制》理论基础

摘要：Today, the editor brings you the "Decision-making on cold chain emission reduction for fresh produce and government subsidy mechan

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内容提要

亲爱的读者大家好，今天小编将从思维导图、精读内容、知识补充三个板块为大家带来硕士论文《生鲜产品冷链减排决策及政府补贴机制》理论基础，快来跟随小编一起学习吧！

Hello dear readers, today I will bring you the theoretical foundation on "Decision-making on cold chain emission reduction for fresh produce and government subsidy mechanism” is conducted in three parts: mind map, intensive reading content and knowledge supplement, Come and follow the editor to learn!

正文

思维导图

精读内容

博弈论又名对策论，是应用数学和运筹学的分支之一。目前被广泛应用于经济学，政治学，计算机科学和许多其他学科。博弈论主要研究的是决策行为及其均衡问题，这种决策行为发生于具有决策能力的主体之间，主体之间或是竞争或是合作，都涉及到博弈问题的。其中，分析这两种博弈的工具都是博弈论。博弈论主要研究：当各个理性决策个体参与博弈时，他们的行为发生相互作用，从而所带来的一系列决策问题。

Game theory, also known as response theory, is one of the branches of applied mathematics and operations research. It is widely used in economics, political science, computer science and many other disciplines. Game theory mainly studies the decision-making behavior and its equilibrium problem, this decision-making behavior occurs between the subjects with decision-making ability, the subjects either compete or cooperate with each other, which involves the game problem. Among them, the tool for analyzing these two kinds of games is game theory. Game theory focuses on a series of decision problems brought about by the interaction of the behavior of rational decision-making individuals when they participate in a game.

Stackelberg博弈方法最初应用于“一主一从”的双寡头博弈，各方在行动上存在先后顺序，过程具有主从递阶结构特征，属于完全信息动态非合作博弈。在整个博弈问题中处于主导地位的参与者称为领导者（Leader），处于被领导地位的参与者称为跟随者（Follower）。在该博弈模型中，领导者先作出决策，在领导者之后，剩余的参与者根据领导者的决策进行决策，即跟随者，然后领导者再根据跟随者的决策对自己的决策进行调整，如此往复，直到达到均衡。领导者进行决策时，已经充分了解到跟随者会如何进行决策。

Stackelberg's game method was initially applied to “a master and a slave” of the double oligopoly game, the parties in the action of the existence of sequential order, the process of master-slave step structure characteristics, belong to the complete information dynamic non-cooperative game. In the whole game, the participant in the dominant position is called the leader, and the participant in the led position is called the follower. In the game model, the leader makes the decision first, after the leader, the remaining participants make decisions according to the leader's decision, i.e., the follower, and then the leader adjusts his decision according to the follower's decision, and so on until equilibrium is reached. The leader makes decisions with full knowledge of how the followers will make decisions.

海塞矩阵（Hessian Matrix），是一个多元函数的二阶偏导数构成的方阵，描述了函数的局部曲率。海塞矩阵常用于牛顿法解决优化问题，利用海塞矩阵可判定多元函数的极值问题。在工程实际问题的优化设计中，所列的目标函数往往很复杂，为了使问题简化，常常将目标函数在某点邻域展开成泰勒多项式来逼近原函数，此时函数在某点泰勒展开式的矩阵形式中会涉及到海塞矩阵。

Hessian Matrix (Hessian Matrix), is a multivariate function of the second order partial derivatives of the composition of the square matrix, describes the local curvature of the function. Hessian matrix is often used in Newton's method to solve optimization problems, the use of Hessian matrix can determine the extreme value of multivariate functions. In the optimization design of practical engineering problems, the listed objective function is often very complex, in order to simplify the problem, often the objective function at a certain point in the neighborhood of the Taylor polynomial expansion to approximate the original function, this time the function at a certain point in the Taylor expansion of the matrix form will be involved in the Hessian matrix.

知识补充

一个完整的博弈论要包括有：参与人、行动、行动顺序、信息、战略等。参与人：参与人指的是一次博弈中的决策主体，前提是具有自主决策能力，是一个理性的经济人，通过选择合适的策略，以实现自己的效用最大化。参与人可以是多样性的，可以是个人，即理性的经济人，也可以是团体。需要注意的是，每个参与人必须有一个很好定义的偏好函数和可供行动参考的策略函数。行动：行动是指参与人在博弈过程中某个时间点的一个决策变量。参与人的策略也可以是连续的，可以是间断的。当行动顺序不同时，后行动者可以根据先行动者的决策来调整自己的行动策略，获得信息。战略：战略是指参与博弈的人在信息集给定的前提下的行为准则，它决定参与人在什么时候做出什么决策。在这里必须强调：行动和战略是有交集的，战略是行动的原则，在静态博弈中，二者相同。而在动态博弈中，可以根据战略的数量将博弈划分为有限博弈和无限博弈。

A complete game theory has to include: participants, actions, sequence of actions, information, strategy, etc. Participants: Participants refer to the decision-making subjects in a game, provided that they have the ability to make decisions on their own, and are rational economic beings who maximize their utility by choosing appropriate strategies. Participants can be diverse, either individuals, i.e. rational economic agents, or groups. It is important to note that each participant must have a well-defined preference function and a strategy function that can be used as a reference for action. Action: an action is a decision variable of a participant at some point in time during the game. A participant's strategy can also be sequential and intermittent. When the order of actions is different, the later actors can adjust their action strategies according to the decisions of the first actors to obtain information. STRATEGY: Strategy is the code of behavior of the participants in the game given the information set, which determines what decisions the participants make at what time. It is important to emphasize here: action and strategy are intertwined, strategy is the principle of action, and in a static game, they are the same. Whereas in dynamic games, the game can be divided into finite and infinite games based on the number of strategies.

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参考资料：ChatGpt翻译

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