在《北京古观象台》拍摄到的照片（一）

摘要：明清两代皇家天文台，始建于明正统七年（1442年），名观星台。清代改名天文台。此台曾遭八国联军的破坏，古仪器被掠夺（后归还）。古观象台现存紫微殿、东西厢房、晷堂、司天台等建筑和清代制造的天体仪、赤道经纬仪等八件天文仪器，是现存最古老的保留有天文仪器的天文台。1

以下是在《北京古观象台》拍摄到的一组照片（一）

图1.北京古观象台

北京古观象台

古观象台

明清两代皇家天文台，始建于明正统七年（1442年），名观星台。清代改名天文台。此台曾遭八国联军的破坏，古仪器被掠夺（后归还）。古观象台现存紫微殿、东西厢房、晷堂、司天台等建筑和清代制造的天体仪、赤道经纬仪等八件天文仪器，是现存最古老的保留有天文仪器的天文台。1982年公布为全国重点文物保护单位。

The Ancient Observatory

A total of eight astronomical instruments made in the Qing Dynasty, including the armillary sphere and the celestial globe are preserved in the once Imperial Observatory of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This ancient observatory built in 1442 is so far the oldest one of its kind with astronomical instruments preserved in the world.

北京市文物局

COACA

中國古天文聯合研究中心

CENTER OF ANCIENT Chinese ASTRONOMY

图2.全国重点文物保护单位

图3.古观象台总平面图

图4.祖冲之

祖冲之（公元 429—500 年）

南北朝时期的数学家、天文学家。最著名的成就是推算出圆周率介于 3.1415926 和 3.1415927 之间。在他编制的《大明历》中，首次将岁差改正引入历法，他推算的回归年和交点月等数据都相当精确。

Zu Chongzhi (429 - 500AD)

Zu Chongzhi was a prominent mathematician and astronomer during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period. He is most famous for calculating the value of π as being between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927. In addition to this, Zu also introduced the concept of precession of the equinoxes (meaning that the rotational axis of the earth is not fixed), as well as calculating the length of the tropical year and the number of overlaps between the sun and moon to almost pinpoint precision.

图5.一行

一行（公元 683—727 年）

唐代天文学家、佛学家。创制黄道游仪，并编撰了《大衍历》。认识到太阳周年视运动不均匀的现象，根据太阳的实际运行将黄道等分二十四份，即采用“定气”的方法划分二十四节气。于公元 724 年主持天文大地测量，实测出了子午线一度的长度。

Yi Xing (683 - 727AD)

Yi Xing was an astronomer and Buddhist monk in the time of the Tang Dynasty. He is noted for inventing an innovative equatorial sphere, the formulation of the Dayan Cal - endar, and the correction of the distribution of 24 solar terms based on true move - ments. In 724 AD Yi Xing was put in charge of a terrestrial - astronomical survey which successfully measured the length of a portion of the meridian.

图6.南怀仁

南怀仁（Ferdinandus Verbiest，公元 1623—1688 年）

比利时耶稣会传教士，1659 年来华，康熙亲政后被任为“治理历法臣”，主持钦天监工作，监制了赤道经纬仪、黄道经纬仪、天体仪等六架大型铜制天文仪器，后主编了《新制灵台仪象志》。

Ferdinandus Verbiest (1623 - 1688 AD)

A Belgian Jesuit missionary, he came to China in 1659. Following the orders of Emperor Kangxi, Verbiest designed and constructed six new astronomical instruments from 1669 to 1673. They are the Equatorial Armilla, the Ecliptic Armilla, the Altazimuth, the Quadrant, the Sextant and the Celestial Globe. At the same time, he compiled the “Xinzhi Lingtai Yixiang Zhi”, introducing theory of new astronomical instruments and how to use them. Kangxi Emperor appointed him as the Administrator of Calendar - making in 1674.

图7.汤若望

汤若望（公元 1592—1666 年）

德国传教士，耶稣会神父。1622 年来华，主要活动于明清交替之际，参与修订历法，制作天文仪器，对中国天文学发展有重要贡献。

Adam Schall von Bell (1592 - 1666 AD)

A German Jesuit priest. He came to China in 1622 and was active during the transition between the Ming and Qing dynasties. He participated in revising the calendar and making astronomical instruments, making important contributions to the development of Chinese astronomy.

图8.徐光启

徐光启（公元 1562—1633 年）

明代科学家，官至礼部尚书。曾从利玛窦学习西方科学知识，引入几何、天文、历法等新说。主持编译《崇祯历书》，制造观测仪器，引进欧洲天文知识，为中国古代天文学向近代发展奠定基础。

Xu Guangqi (1562 - 1633 AD)

Xu Guangqi was a scientist of the Ming Dynasty, reaching the position of Minister of Rites. He learned Western scientific knowledge from Matteo Ricci, introducing new theories in geometry, astronomy, and calendar - making. He presided over the compilation of the Chongzhen Lishu (Chongzhen Calendar), manufactured observational instruments, and introduced European astronomical knowledge, laying the foundation for the development of ancient Chinese astronomy towards modern times.

图9.张衡

张衡（公元78—139年）

东汉时期伟大的天文学家、数学家、发明家、地理学家、文学家。他发明了世界上第一架测定地震方位的仪器——地动仪，还制作了演示天象的浑天仪。他对天体的认识和对天文数据的测算，代表了当时世界天文学的最高水平。

Zhang Heng (78 - 139 AD)

Zhang Heng was a great astronomer, mathematician, inventor, geographer, and litterateur in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He invented the first instrument in the world to measure the direction of earthquakes - the seismograph, and also made the armillary sphere for demonstrating celestial phenomena. His understanding of celestial bodies and calculation of astronomical data represented the highest level of world astronomy at that time.

图10.郭守敬

郭守敬（公元1231—1316年）

元代科学家、天文学家。参与建立了规模宏大的元司天台，创制了简仪、仰仪、高表等十几种天文仪器，并主持了历史上规模最大的天文大地测量，精确测算的回归年长度为365.2425日，编纂的中国古代最优秀的一部历法《授时历》代表了中国古代天文学发展的最高成就。

Guo Shoujing (1231 - 1316 AD)

Guo Shoujing was a scientist and astronomer during the Yuan Dynasty. He worked on establishing several astronomical observatories and also devised a number of astro - nomical instruments, including an adapted version of the armillary, and an improved version of the gnomon and the Hemispherium Sideri. He also formulated the Shoushi Li (Season - Granting Calendar), which stated the year to be 365.2425 days. This calendar was the standard used for the longest period in Chinese history.

图11.沈括

沈括（公元1031—1095年）

中国宋代科学家、天文学家。创作了一部综合性科学著作《梦溪笔谈》。他重视观测，在天文工作期间，改进了浑仪、浮漏、圭表等天文仪器，对于日、月食现象的分析，根据二十四节气制定了一种纯阳历，即“十二气历”，富于科学预见性。

Shen Kuo (1031 - 1095 AD)

A scientist and astronomer of the Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo wrote Mengxi Bitang (Dream Stream Essays), a comprehensive scientific work. He emphasized observation. While working on astronomy, he improved astronomical instruments such as the armillary sphere, floating clepsydra, and gnomon. Regarding the analysis of solar and lunar eclipses, based on the twenty - four solar terms, he formulated a pure solar calendar, namely the “Twelve - Qi Calendar”, which was rich in scientific foresight.