小一笔记（3）：现状调研资料的收集与分析

摘要：现状调研的资料收集方法很多，不同的视角有不同的分类，如根据调研的媒介不同，可分为口头调研、电话调研、书面调研等；按与调研对象的接触方式不同，可分为直接调研与间接调研；按调研对象的范围不同，可分为普查调研与抽样调研，而抽样调研又可分为随机抽样、非随机抽样等。本书

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“小一笔记（3）：现状调研资料的收集与分析”

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（一）现状调研资料收集的方法Method of collecting data for status quo research

现状调研的资料收集方法很多，不同的视角有不同的分类，如根据调研的媒介不同，可分为口头调研、电话调研、书面调研等；按与调研对象的接触方式不同，可分为直接调研与间接调研；按调研对象的范围不同，可分为普查调研与抽样调研，而抽样调研又可分为随机抽样、非随机抽样等。本书是按照资料获取的途径与方式不同来分，主要分为以下几种。

There are many methods for collecting data for a current situation survey, and different perspectives offer different classifications. For example, based on the survey medium, it can be divided into oral surveys, telephone surveys, written surveys, etc. According to the contact method with the survey object, it can be divided into direct surveys and indirect surveys. According to the scope of the survey object, it can be divided into census surveys and sampling surveys, and sampling surveys can be further divided into random sampling, non-random sampling, etc. This book classifies them according to the different ways and means of obtaining data, mainly into the following types.

1.访谈调查Interview survey

这是一种通过问题交流讨论或座谈的方式进行的调查。调查人员根据调研目标的要求，明确调研所需要解决的问题，准备好要访谈的内容和调查大纲，做到心中有数，以提高访谈调查的效率和质量；然后于调查对象进行面对面讨论式询问调查，询问过程中，要敏捷地捕捉信息、快速记录信息的同时，调查人员还要能够根据调查对象的陈述，及时补充、调整和完善调查内容。

This is a type of survey conducted through question-and-answer communication, discussion, or panel sessions. Based on the research objectives, investigators clearly define the problems that need to be addressed, prepare the content and survey outline for the interview, ensuring they have a clear understanding to improve the efficiency and quality of the interview survey. Then, they conduct face-to-face discussion-style inquiries with the survey subjects. During the inquiry process, while swiftly capturing and recording information, investigators should also be able to promptly supplement, adjust, and refine the survey content based on the survey subjects' statements.

2.发问卷或调查表调查Send out questionnaires or surveys

这是一种由调查对象来填写预先设计好的问卷或调查表的方式来进行的调查。调查人员根据调研目标的要求，事先设计好问卷或调查表；然后运用各种方式将问卷或调查表分发给调查对象，由调查对象根据问卷或调查表的要求填写问卷或调查表；最后调查对象将填写好的问卷或调查表返还给调查人员。

This is a kind of survey by the survey respondents to fill out a pre-designed questionnaire or questionnaire way to conduct the survey. Investigators according to the requirements of the research objectives, pre-designed questionnaires or questionnaires; and then use a variety of ways to distribute the questionnaires or questionnaires to the survey respondents, by the survey respondents in accordance with the questionnaires or questionnaires to fill in the questionnaires or questionnaires; and finally, the survey respondents will be filled in questionnaires or questionnaires to return to the investigators.

3.查找历史资料Finding Historical Information

这是一种从第二手资料中手机信息与数据的调查方法。调查人员根据调研目标要求，查找、收集由其他人收集、记录、整理所积累的可直接利用的相关历史数据与统计资料，从这些历史数据与统计资料中抽取所需信息。这些历史数据与统计资料主要包括政府相关部门的统计资料与年鉴、企业经营的历史数据、各种学术文献、各类报纸杂志的信息等。

This is a survey method of collecting information and data from secondary sources. According to the requirements of the research objectives, investigators search for and collect relevant historical data and statistical materials that have been accumulated, collected, recorded, and organized by others, and extract the required information from these historical data and statistical materials. These historical data and statistical materials mainly include statistical materials and yearbooks of relevant government departments, historical data of business operations, various academic literatures, and information from various newspapers and magazines.

4.现场调查on-site investigation

这是一种由调查人员直接进入现场进行实地调查的方法。调查人员根据调研目标要求，提前准备好本次调查所需要解决的问题，设计制作调查表格、问卷，然后调查人员进入现场进行统计并直接填写表格，或询问相关人员填写问卷。这种调查方式由于是调查人员直接收集统计资料与问卷，因此所收集的资料与信息有较强的真实性、针对性与实用性。不足之处是投入的人力较多、时间较长、费用较高等。

This is a method of field investigation by investigators directly into the scene. Investigators according to the requirements of the research objectives, prepared in advance the issues to be addressed in this survey, design and production of survey forms, questionnaires, and then the investigators enter the scene to carry out statistics and fill out the form directly, or ask the relevant people to fill out the questionnaire. This way of investigation because the investigators directly collect statistics and questionnaires, so the data and information collected have a strong authenticity, relevance and practicality. The shortcomings are more manpower, longer time, higher costs and so on.

（二）现状调研资料的整理Collation of status quo research data

1.调研资料准确性分析Analysis of the accuracy of research data

首先要检查是否存在异常数据，即非正常数据代表的数据点，如偶然出现的以此软泡货物运输或某一特殊的高费率运输等都不能代表正常数据，对于这些异常数据的处理，要根据调研的具体目标展开原因分析，根据具体情况剔除处理或提供关注信息。

First, it is necessary to check for the existence of abnormal data, that is, data points that do not represent normal data, such as occasional soft foam cargo transportation or a specific high-rate transportation, which cannot represent normal data. For the handling of these abnormal data, the reason analysis should be carried out according to the specific research objectives, and the handling should be eliminated or attention information should be provided according to the specific situation.

其次，要对调研资料的误差进行检查。产生误差通常是不可避免的，其原因一般有两种：一是抽样误差，即由于抽样调查是用结果推算全体必然存在的误差；二是非抽样误差，如传统计算错误、调查对象回答不认真或前后矛盾等都可能造成误差。对于这类误差应设法修正或删除。

Secondly, it is necessary to check for errors in the survey data. Errors are usually unavoidable and generally arise from two sources: one is sampling error, which is an inevitable error due to the use of sample survey results to extrapolate to the entire population; the other is non-sampling error, such as traditional calculation errors, survey respondents not answering seriously, or inconsistencies in their answers, all of which can cause errors. These types of errors should be corrected or deleted where possible.

再次，要对完整性进行检查，即检查是否有空缺与遗漏，并对丢失的数据进行处理。出于各种原因,收集来的调查数据会出现数据丢失现象，例如时间序列的数据中少了某点时间的数据,对于丢失的数据要具体分析,考虑是否能重新收集或做估计补充，如采取估计方法一般可以用内插法、专家法进行估计。如果丢失的数据和未来信息有关，则可以通过预测的方法进行估计。

Again, a completeness check is required to examine for gaps and omissions, and to handle any missing data. Survey data collected often contains missing data for various reasons, such as a missing data point in a time series. This missing data needs to be analyzed specifically to consider whether it can be recollected or estimated to supplement the data. If estimation methods are used, interpolation or expert judgment can be applied. If the missing data is related to future information, prediction methods can be used for estimation.

最后，要对现状调研资料进行总体评定，以保证收集来的资料既满足调研的目标与内容要求，又做到真实性、正确性和完整性。在资料准确性分析过程中应本着实事求是的原则，不允许对被确认的资料做任意改。

Finally, a general assessment of the current research data should be conducted to ensure that the data collected not only meets the objectives and content requirements of the research, but also achieves authenticity, correctness and completeness. In the process of analyzing the accuracy of the information, the principle of seeking truth from facts should be adhered to, and no arbitrary changes should be made to the identified information.

2.调研资料的分类汇总Classification and summary of research data

为了便于统计分析、发现规律，对调研资料和数据要按空间结构、时间结构来进行分类汇总。按空间结构进行分类汇总就是要把所有的调查对象，按不同地区、不同性质类别、不同行业、不同层次分别进行分类归并，并把它们的资料数据归类到相应的分类结构中去，形成空间结构序列。而按时间结构分类汇总是对所有调查对象的资料与数据按时间顺序进行汇总排列，形成时间序列数据。

In order to facilitate statistical analysis, find the law, the research information and data should be categorized according to the spatial and temporal structure to summarize. Classification and summarization of the spatial structure is to be all the subjects of the survey, according to different regions, different nature categories, different industries, different levels of classification and merging, and their information and data categorized into the corresponding classification structure, the formation of the spatial structure of the sequence. Classification and aggregation by time structure is to summarize and arrange the information and data of all survey objects in chronological order to form time series data.

（三）现状调研资料分析的方法Methods of status quo research and data analysis

现状调研资料整理后，要对原始资料与现状信息进行定量分析和定性分析，以得到规划设计所需要的决策数据与信息，并形成调研结果。定性分析主要采用通过专家进行推理分析的方法；定量分析所采用的方法很多，主要有频数与频率分析、相关分析、回归分析、因子分析等。这些方法由于涉及较多的数理统计知识，在这里不做详细介绍。

After the current situation research data is organized, the original data and current situation information should be quantitatively analyzed and qualitatively analyzed in order to get the decision-making data and information needed for planning and design, and to form the research results. Qualitative analysis mainly adopts the method of reasoning and analyzing through experts; quantitative analysis adopts many methods, mainly frequency and frequency analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, factor analysis and so on. These methods are not described in detail here because they involve more mathematical and statistical knowledge.

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