摘要：Lydia Saad 是盖洛普的美国社会研究总监，负责维护盖洛普的长期趋势和对美国公众舆论的持续测量。在这个职位上，Lydia 为 Gallup 的新闻网站撰写了大量文章，涵盖社会、政治和经济主题，并向媒体介绍这些发现。她还在 Gallup 的公开发布委员会任

萧韵晴：

Americans' Ratings of U.S. Professions Stay Historically Low（美国人对美国职业的评价保持在历史最低水平）

BY LYDIA SAAD

Lydia Saad 是盖洛普的美国社会研究总监，负责维护盖洛普的长期趋势和对美国公众舆论的持续测量。在这个职位上，Lydia 为 Gallup 的新闻网站撰写了大量文章，涵盖社会、政治和经济主题，并向媒体介绍这些发现。她还在 Gallup 的公开发布委员会任职，该委员会为公司的公开发布工作制定和执行标准，并且她是 Gallup 机构审查委员会的主席。

Lydia Saad is the Director of U.S. Social Research at Gallup, where she is responsible for maintaining Gallup’s long-term trends and ongoing measurement of U.S. public opinion. In this role, Lydia writes extensively for Gallup’s news website covering social, political and economic topics, and speaks to the press about these findings. She also serves on Gallup’s public release committee, which sets and enforces standards for the company’s public-release work, and she chairs the Gallup Institutional Review Board.

护士仍然轻松位居 23 个职业之首；长期以来，神职人员和法官的人数下降幅度最大

华盛顿特区——四分之三的美国人认为护士高度诚实且具有职业道德，这使得护士成为盖洛普年度调查中23个职业中最受信任的职业。小学教师排名第二，61%的受访者对其评价较高，而军官、药剂师和医生也赢得了大多数美国人的高度信任。

最不受信任的职业是说客、国会议员和电视记者，超过一半的美国成年人表示他们的职业道德低下或非常低。

在2024年12月2日至18日进行的民意调查中，其余职业中，有六个职业（包括警察、神职人员和法官）在美国人心目中的正面评价多于负面评价，尽管正面评价并未达到多数。其余九个职业，尤其是银行家、律师和企业高管，在美国人心目中的负面评价多于正面评价，

只有不到50%的人认为他们的职业道德低下。

今天的排名与公众过去二十年对美国职业的评价一致。在此期间，医生、小学教师和军官是最受信任的职业，而政治、销售、商业和媒体相关工作则最不受信任。

自 1999 年盖洛普将护士纳入年度调查以来，护士每年都获得最高评分，只有 2001 年例外，当时消防员（仅在那一年被纳入）因在应对 9/11 双子塔袭击事件中的英勇行为而获得了创纪录的 90% 的信任度。

道德评级停滞在低点

盖洛普于1976年开始测量公众对各种职业的信任度，最初涵盖14种职业。多年来，名单不断变化，一些职业被添加，一些职业被移除。自1999年以来，每年追踪11种职业，其他职业则定期纳入。

核心11个职业的平均“非常高/高”道德评级已从21世纪初通常的40%或更高下降到2010年代大部分时间的接近35%。2020年，该评级略有上升，达到7年来的最高点38%，反映出疫情期间公众对医护人员和教师的信任度增强。此后，该评级平均值逐年下降，直至2023年达到30%，并在2024年保持在该水平。这反映了美国人对美国机构信心的长期下降。

2023 年和 2024 年相对较低的平均诚实和道德评分反映了一些职业的得分下降，尤其是自 2021 年以来。这是今年榜单上的大多数职业（除殡仪馆馆长外）同时接受评级的最近一年。

在这两年中，其他 15 个职业的评级没有明显变化。

长期以来，神职人员和法官的堕落最为严重

长期趋势描绘出略有不同的图景，反映了本世纪更广泛的政治和社会变化。

自21世纪初盖洛普开始对所有23个职业进行调查以来，截至今年，人们对神职人员诚实和道德的认知下降了26个百分点，是所有群体中下降幅度最大的。认为神职人员道德高尚或非常高的比例从2000-2009年的平均56%下降到如今的30%。

这段时期，美国人宗教信仰的下降导致了对神职人员信任度的下降，因为越来越多的非宗教成年人对神职人员的信任度低于宗教成年人。然而，天主教会的儿童性侵丑闻似乎也导致了人们对神职人员信任度的下降，包括在2002年和2018年。

本世纪道德评级第二大下降的是法官，自21世纪初以来，法官的评分下降了21个百分点。这种变化在早期就已出现，从2000年至2009年的平均49%下降到2007年的46%，再到2020年的43%。但此后，法官的评分已跌至28%，这与近期美国人对最高法院以及更广泛的司法系统和法院的信心下降相吻合。最高法院2022年推翻罗诉韦德案的多布斯案裁决，以及自2020年以来针对唐纳德·特朗普的各种法律案件，或许可以解释两大政党法官评分的下降。

尽管多年来人们对警察的信任度有所变化，但目前对警察表示高度信任的美国人比例比2000年代下降了15个百分点。小学教师、医生、药剂师和银行家的信任度在同一时期也出现了两位数的下降。

其他几个职业的信任度也略有下降，其中包括电视记者。自2000年以来，电视记者的信任度下降了9个百分点，这反映了美国人对新闻媒体整体信心的下降。多年来，美国人对报纸记者、广告从业者、养老院经营者和说客的信任度一直很低，几乎没有变化。

汽车修理工是自21世纪以来唯一一个评级有所提高的职业，其受欢迎程度从2000年代的24%上升到2024年的33%。这种变化主要发生在2001年至2017年之间，但此后的两次评级中都保持了这种变化。虽然这种变化的原因尚不清楚，但值得注意的是，美国各主要群体都对这个职业产生了浓厚的兴趣。

底线

从医生、汽车修理工到神职人员和教师，美国人在日常生活中与众多专业人士打交道，同时又依赖那些素未谋面的专业人士来维持一个高效、公平和安全的社会。无论是基于个人经验还是二手资料，美国人对各个职业的信任程度差异很大，这可能会影响他们与各个职业的互动方式。

尽管过去25年来公众对大多数职业的信任度都在下降，但排名顺序基本保持不变：护士位居榜首，其次是小学教师、军官、药剂师和医生。与此同时，就净信任度而言，国会议员、广告从业者、汽车销售员和说客排名垫底。

榜单中段的排名变动较大，尤其是神职人员、法官和电视记者的排名下降了好几位。其他职业则默认排名上升，但在今年评估的23个职业中，只有汽车修理工的排名上升，这得益于其诚实和道德评分的提高。

Americans' Ratings of U.S. Professions Stay Historically Low

Nurses still easily top list of 23 occupations; clergy and judges have fallen the most, long-term

BY LYDIA SAAD

WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Three in four Americans consider nurses highly honest and ethical, making them the most trusted of 23 professions rated in Gallup’s annual measurement. Grade-school teachers rank second, with 61% viewing them highly, while military officers, pharmacists and medical doctors also earn high trust from majorities of Americans.

The least trusted professions, with more than half of U.S. adults saying their ethics are low or very low, are lobbyists, members of Congress and TV reporters.

Of the remaining occupations measured in the Dec. 2-18, 2024, poll, six (including police officers, clergy and judges) are viewed more positively than negatively by Americans, although with positive ratings not reaching the majority level. The other nine, notably including bankers, lawyers and business executives, are seen more negatively than positively, with no more than 50% rating their ethics low.

Today’s rank-order aligns with the public’s evaluations of U.S. occupations for the past two decades. Over this period, medical practitioners, grade-school teachers and military officers have been the most trusted professions, while political, sales, business and media-related jobs have constituted the least.

Nurses have earned the highest rating in every year but one since Gallup added them to the annual survey in 1999. The exception was 2001, when firefighters -- included only that year -- earned a record 90% trust rating after their heroism in responding to the 9/11 attacks on the Twin Towers.

Ethics Ratings Stalled at Low Point

Gallup began measuring public trust in various professions in 1976, initially covering 14 jobs. Over the years, the list has changed, with some occupations added and others removed. Since 1999, 11 professions have been tracked annually, while others have been included periodically.

The average very high/high ethics rating of the core 11 professions has decreased from routinely 40% or higher in the early 2000s to closer to 35% during most of the 2010s. It rose slightly in 2020, to a seven-year high of 38%, reflecting enhanced public trust in healthcare workers and teachers during the pandemic. Thereafter, the average declined each year through 2023, when it reached 30%, and it held there in 2024. This mirrors the long-term decline in Americans’ confidence in U.S. institutions.

The relatively low average honesty and ethics ratings in 2023 and 2024 reflect diminished scores for a few professions, in particular, since 2021. That’s the latest year that most of the professions on this year’s list -- all but funeral home directors -- were rated at the same time.

Trust in medical doctors has fallen 14 percentage points since 2021. After reaching a historical high of 77% in 2020, doctors’ ethics rating not only returned to its 2019/pre-pandemic level of 65% but, at 53%, is now the lowest since the mid-1990s.

Day care providers, pharmacists, nurses and nursing home operators -- all of which had enjoyed enhanced reviews during year one or year two of the pandemic -- have since dropped below their average pre-pandemic ratings.

Judges have seen a 10-point decline to 28% in their honesty and ethics rating, by far the lowest for this profession which, before 2021, had scored between 43% and 53%.

Views of the police have been variable, but after earning majority trust in 2020 and 2021, their rating slipped to 45% in 2023 and 44% today.

Clergy have lost another six points in public esteem since 2021, continuing the long-term downward trend in trust in that profession.

Ratings of the other 15 professions measured in both years haven’t changed appreciably.

Clergy and Judges Have Fallen Most, Long-Term

The long-term trends paint a slightly different picture, reflecting broader political and societal changes this century.

From the time Gallup started rating all 23 professions in the early 2000s through this year, there has been a 26-point decline in the perceived honesty and ethics of clergy, the most for any group. The proportion saying the clergy have high or very high ethics is down from an average 56% in 2000-2009 to 30% today.

The decline in Americans’ religiosity over this period contributes to the loss of trust in clergy, as the growing proportion of nonreligious adults express lower trust than religious adults. However, the Catholic Church’s child sexual abuse scandals also appear to have contributed to downticks in trust in clergy, including in 2002 and 2018.

The second-most-significant decline in ethics ratings this century has been for judges, who have experienced a 21-point drop since the early 2000s. Some of this change occurred early on, falling from an average 49% in 2000-2009 to 46% in 2007 and to 43% in 2020. But since then, high ratings for judges have tumbled to 28%, paralleling recent downturns in Americans’ confidence in the Supreme Court as well as the judicial system and courts more broadly. The high court’s 2022 Dobbs decision overturning Roe v. Wade as well as various legal cases against Donald Trump since 2020 could explain declines in these ratings by both major parties.

Although trust in the police has varied over the years, the percentage of Americans expressing high trust in them is currently 15 points lower than it was in the 2000s. Grade-school teachers, medical doctors, pharmacists and bankers have also seen double-digit declines over the same period.

Trust in several other professions is down modestly, including TV reporters, whose nine-point slide since the 2000s reflects the decline in Americans’ broader confidence in the news media. Americans’ trust in newspaper reporters, advertising practitioners, nursing home operators and lobbyists has been consistently low over the years, with little change.

Auto mechanics are the lone profession experiencing improved ratings since the 2000s, rising from 24% during that decade to 33% in 2024. Most of this shift occurred between 2001 and 2017, but it has held in two readings since then. While the reason for the change isn’t clear, it’s notable that all major subgroups of Americans have warmed to this profession.

Bottom Line

From doctors and car mechanics to clergy and teachers, Americans interact with numerous professionals in their daily lives, while depending on others they’ve never met to maintain an efficient, fair and secure society. Whether reflecting personal experience or secondhand reports, Americans’ sense of how much they can trust each profession varies widely, likely influencing how they engage with each.

Despite declining public trust in most professions over the past quarter century, the rank order has stayed largely the same, with nurses at the top, followed by grade-school teachers, military officers, pharmacists and medical doctors. Meanwhile, in terms of net trust, members of Congress, advertising practitioners, car salespeople and lobbyists have ranked at the bottom.

There has been more shifting of the rank order in the middle of the list, particularly with clergy, judges and TV reporters moving down several places. Others have shifted up by default, but of the 23 professions measured this year, auto mechanics alone have moved up on account of an improved honesty and ethics score.

来源：非 常道