摘要：China has begun allowing someshipmentsof rare earths under newexport control rules, but the slow pace of approvals threatens disru
1.原文
中国稀土供应短缺威胁全球供应链
新监管体制下的许可审批延迟危及从电动汽车到战斗机等产品关键材料的运输
Global supply chains threatened by lack of Chinese rare earths
Licensing delays under new regime put at risk shipments of materials crucial for products from EVs to fighter jets
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China has begun allowing some shipments of rare earths under new export control rules, but the slow pace of approvals threatens disruption to global supply chains, according to industry participants.
Beijing in early April placed export restrictions on seven rare earth elements and permanent magnets that are vital for products ranging from electric vehicles to wind turbines, humanoid robots and fighter jets.
Exporters, China-based industry groups and supply chain experts said that after weeks of delay, Beijing’s commerce ministry had approved some licences for exports to Europe, but at a pace far too slow to meet demand.
“The window to avoid significant damage to production in Europe is rapidly closing,” said Wolfgang Niedermark, an executive board member of the Federation of German Industries, known as BDI.
US manufacturers, including Tesla, Ford and Lockheed Martin, have voiced concern over the new Chinese export controls in recent investor briefings.
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1.1 翻译
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中国已开始根据新的出口管制规则允许部分稀土通关，但行业参与者称，审批速度缓慢可能威胁全球供应链中断。
北京在 4 月初对 7 种稀土元素和永磁体实施出口限制，这些材料对从电动汽车、风力涡轮机、人形机器人到战斗机等产品至关重要。
出口商、在华行业团体和供应链专家表示，在数周延迟后，中国商务部已批准部分输往欧洲的出口许可证，但审批速度远远无法满足需求。
“避免对欧洲生产造成重大损害的窗口期正在迅速关闭，” 德国工业联合会（BDI）执行董事会成员沃尔夫冈・尼德马克表示。
包括特斯拉、福特和洛克希德・马丁在内的美国制造商，最近在投资者简报中对中国新的出口管制表达了担忧。
1.2 重点详解
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shipments /ˈʃɪpmənts/词性：名词（复数）含义：运输的货物；装运用法：指通过运输工具运送的货物批次，如 “delay shipments（延迟装运）”，动词形式为 “ship（运输）”。export control rules /ɪkˈspɔːrt kənˈtroʊl ruːlz/结构：名词短语含义：出口管制规则用法：政府对特定商品出口的限制政策，常涉及国家安全或产业保护，如 “comply with export controls（遵守出口管制）”。permanent magnets /ˈpɜːrmənənt ˈmæɡnəts/结构：名词短语含义：永磁体用法：保持永久磁性的材料，用于电机、电子设备等，如 “rare earth permanent magnets（稀土永磁体）”。wind turbines /wɪnd ˈtɜːrbaɪnz/结构：名词短语含义：风力涡轮机用法：将风能转化为电能的设备，复数形式表示一类设施，如 “offshore wind turbines（海上风力涡轮机）”。humanoid robots /ˈhjuːmənɔɪd ˈroʊbɑts/结构：名词短语含义：人形机器人用法：外形和行为类似人类的机器人，如 “research humanoid robots（研究人形机器人）”，“humanoid” 意为 “有人形的”。licences /ˈlaɪsnsɪz/（英式拼写）词性：名词（复数）含义：许可证用法：官方批准的合法文件，如 “apply for export licences（申请出口许可证）”，美式拼写为 “licenses”。at a pace far too slow to meet demand结构：介词短语含义：速度远远低于满足需求的水平用法：“pace” 指节奏或速度，“far too slow” 强调程度，如 “grow at a pace too slow for the market（增长速度跟不上市场需求）”。window to avoid significant damage /ˈwɪndoʊ tu əˈvɔɪd sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt ˈdæmɪdʒ/结构：名词短语含义：避免重大损害的窗口期用法：“window” 引申为 “时间窗口”，指有限的时间机会，如 “narrow window to act（行动窗口期收窄）”。executive board member /ɪɡˈzekjətɪv bɔːrd ˈmembər/结构：名词短语含义：执行董事会成员用法：企业或组织的高级管理成员，如 “join the executive board（加入执行董事会）”，负责战略决策。voiced concern over /vɔɪst kənˈsɜːrn ˈoʊvər/结构：动词短语含义：对…… 表达担忧用法：“voice” 作动词表示 “明确表达”，如 “voice concerns about environmental issues（对环境问题表达担忧）”，后接介词 “over” 或 “about”。2.原文
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One European industry executive in China, who asked not to be named, said current delays were untenable for foreign manufacturers.
“What I’m witnessing on the ground is that there is really incompetence; they underestimated what the impact would be and what you would need to prepare at the working level.”
China’s widening of its controls on rare earth exports was a response to sweeping tariffs announced by US President Donald Trump on April 2.
The controls, which require exporters to gain licences from commerce ministry officials for shipments of the seven targeted rare earths and of permanent magnets that are made from them, highlighted the geopolitical leverage conferred by China’s dominance over global mineral supply.
It is unclear whether China has begun to approve exports to the US since the two economic superpowers agreed a tariff war ceasefire this month.
2.1 翻译
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一位要求匿名的在华欧洲行业高管表示，当前的延迟对外国制造商来说 “难以承受”。
“我在一线看到的情况是，这里确实存在管理不善；他们低估了影响程度，也低估了需要在工作层面做哪些准备。”
中国扩大对稀土出口的管制，是对美国总统唐纳德・特朗普 4 月 2 日宣布的全面关税的回应。
这些管制要求出口商向商务部官员申请许可证，才能出口 7 种目标稀土元素及由其制成的永磁体。此举凸显了中国在全球矿产供应中的主导地位所带来的地缘政治影响力。
目前尚不清楚，自中美这两个经济超级大国本月达成关税战停火以来，中国是否已开始批准对美出口。
2.2 重点详解
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untenable /ʌnˈtenəbl/词性：形容词含义：难以维持的；站不住脚的用法：指情况无法持续或观点无法成立，如 “untenable position（难以维持的职位）”，此处指延迟 “无法承受”。incompetence /ɪnˈkɑːmpɪtəns/词性：名词含义：无能力；不称职用法：指缺乏完成工作所需的技能或能力，如 “expose incompetence（暴露无能）”，形容词为 “incompetent”。underestimated /ˌʌndərˈestɪmeɪtɪd/词性：动词（过去分词作形容词）含义：低估的用法：指对事物的重要性或影响判断不足，如 “underestimated risk（低估的风险）”，动词原形为 “underestimate”。sweeping tariffs /swiːpɪŋ ˈtærɪfs/结构：名词短语含义：全面关税用法：“sweeping” 表示 “大范围的”，如 “sweeping policy changes（全面政策变革）”，“tariffs” 指关税，常与 “impose（征收）” 搭配。gain licences from /ɡeɪn ˈlaɪsnsɪz frəm/结构：动词短语含义：从…… 获得许可证用法：“gain” 表示 “取得”，强调通过申请或审批流程获得，如 “gain approval from authorities（获得当局批准）”。targeted rare earths /ˈtɑːrɡɪtɪd rer θɜːrθs/结构：名词短语含义：目标稀土（被指定管制的稀土种类）用法：“targeted” 表示 “作为目标的”，如 “targeted sanctions（定向制裁）”，此处指被纳入出口管制的稀土元素。geopolitical leverage /ˌdʒiːoʊpəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈlevərɪdʒ/结构：名词短语含义：地缘政治影响力用法：“leverage” 指 “影响力” 或 “筹码”，如 “use economic leverage（使用经济筹码）”，“geopolitical” 指地缘政治的。dominance /ˈdɑːmɪnəns/词性：名词含义：主导地位；优势用法：指在某一领域的控制或领先地位，如 “market dominance（市场主导地位）”，形容词为 “dominant”。tariff war ceasefire /ˈtærɪf wɔːr siːsˈfaɪr/结构：名词短语含义：关税战停火用法：指双方暂停加征关税的冲突状态，“ceasefire” 原指 “停火”，此处引申为 “冲突暂停”，如 “negotiate a ceasefire（谈判停火）”。It is unclear whether...结构：固定句式含义：目前尚不清楚是否……用法：用于引出不确定的信息，“it” 为形式主语，真实主语为 “whether” 引导的从句，如 “It is unclear whether he will attend（他是否会参加尚不清楚）”。3.原文
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Yantai Zhenghai Magnetic Material, an exporter based in China’s eastern Shandong Province, said it had received export licences and had “resumed” taking orders from some customers.
Separately, two people familiar with the situation said at least one shipment bound for automaker Volkswagen’s German operations had been approved.
VW said its supply of parts containing rare earths was stable, and that its suppliers had been granted a “limited number of these [export] licences”.
China’s commerce ministry did not respond to a request for comment.
There are widespread fears in industry that China’s licensing bureaucracy will be overwhelmed as the number of applications mounts.
European companies were “not sure how to prove” their shipments would not be re-exported to the US, which would breach the licensing conditions, the European executive said.
Elon Musk, the Tesla boss, told investors last month that China had sought assurances that rare earth magnets his company needed for robot arms would not be used for military purposes. “That is an example of a challenge there. I’m confident we’ll overcome these issues,” he said.
3.1 翻译
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中国东部山东省的出口商烟台正海磁性材料表示，已收到出口许可证并 “恢复” 接受部分客户订单。
另有两名知情人士称，至少有一批运往德国汽车制造商大众（Volkswagen）工厂的货物已获批准。
大众表示，其含稀土零部件的供应稳定，且供应商已获得 “有限数量的（出口）许可证”。
中国商务部未回应置评请求。
行业内普遍担心，随着申请数量增加，中国的许可证审批机构将不堪重负。
上述欧洲高管称，欧洲企业 “不确定如何证明” 其货物不会被转口至美国，而这将违反许可证条件。
特斯拉首席执行官埃隆・马斯克上月告诉投资者，中国已要求该公司就机械臂所需稀土磁体不用于军事用途提供保证。“这是一个挑战的例子。我相信我们会克服这些问题，” 他说。
3.2 重点详解
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resumed /rɪˈzuːmd/词性：动词（过去式 / 过去分词）含义：恢复（中断的活动）用法：指重新开始暂停的动作，后接动名词（如 “resumed taking orders”）或名词，例：After the holiday, the company resumed production.（假期后，公司恢复生产。）bound for /baʊnd fɔːr/结构：形容词短语含义：前往…… 的；运往…… 的用法：作定语修饰名词，强调目的地，例：a flight bound for New York（飞往纽约的航班）、a shipment bound for Europe（运往欧洲的货物）。limited number of /ˈlɪmɪtɪd ˈnʌmbər əv/结构：形容词短语含义：有限数量的用法：强调数量受限，常与 “grant”“obtain” 等词搭配，例：The museum allows a limited number of visitors each day.（博物馆每天允许有限数量的游客参观。）bureaucracy /bjʊˈrɑːkrəsi/词性：名词含义：官僚机构；官僚体系用法：指复杂的行政机构或程序，可带贬义，例：Dealing with government bureaucracy can be time-consuming.（与政府官僚机构打交道可能很耗时。）overwhelmed /ˌoʊvərˈwelmɪd/词性：形容词含义：不堪重负的；应接不暇的用法：描述因任务过多而无法应对的状态，例：The staff was overwhelmed by the sudden increase in demand.（员工被突然增加的需求压垮了。）mounts /maʊnts/词性：动词（第三人称单数）含义：增长；上升用法：指数量、程度逐渐增加，例：Concerns about climate change are mounting.（对气候变化的担忧与日俱增。）re-exported /ˌriːɪkˈspɔːrtɪd/词性：动词（过去分词作形容词）含义：转口的；再出口的用法：指将进口货物再次出口至第三国，例：Goods re-exported to the US may require additional permits.（转口至美国的货物可能需要额外许可。）breach the licensing conditions /briːtʃ ðə ˈlaɪsnsɪŋ kənˈdɪʃnz/结构：动词短语含义：违反许可证条件用法：“breach” 意为 “违反”，后接法律、合同等条款，例：Any company that breaches these conditions will face penalties.（任何违反这些条件的公司将面临处罚。）sought assurances /sɔːt əˈʃʊrənsɪz/结构：动词短语含义：寻求保证用法：“sought” 为 “seek” 的过去式，“assurances” 指 “明确的保证”，例：The government sought assurances from employers on job security.（政府寻求雇主对就业保障的保证。）military purposes /ˈmɪlɪteri ˈpɜːrpəsɪz/结构：名词短语含义：军事用途用法：指用于国防、战争或军事装备的目的，常与 “civilian purposes（民用）” 对比，例：The export of dual-use technology for military purposes is strictly controlled.（用于军事用途的两用技术出口受到严格管制。）4.原文
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Rajesh Jejurikar, chief executive of Indian conglomerate Mahindra & Mahindra’s auto unit, said the process for obtaining end-use certification — intended to guarantee supplies are not used for weaponry — “is not clear at the moment”.
A manager at Chengdu Galaxy Magnets, which sells permanent magnets, said halting military-related shipments was a concern for Chinese authorities. She said her company was helping customers submit statements to authorities for export approval, but “military-related” applications were not permitted.
“Exports for non-military applications might still be allowed,” she said, asking not to be named.
Permanent magnets are used in fighter aircraft such as Lockheed’s F-35, and the new controls are expected to cause short-term problems and force long-term supply chain shifts.
Lockheed’s chief financial officer, Evan Scott, told investors this week the company had enough rare earth material for the year and he expected US authorities to prioritise supplying Lockheed “given the importance of our programmes”.
4.1 翻译
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印度企业集团马恒达汽车部门首席执行官拉杰什・杰朱里卡尔表示，获取最终用途认证的流程 —— 旨在确保供应不被用于武器 ——“目前尚不明确”。
销售永磁体的成都银河磁体一名经理称，停止与军事相关的出货是中国当局关注的问题。她表示，公司正在帮助客户向当局提交出口批准声明，但 “与军事相关的” 申请不被允许。
“非军事用途的出口可能仍被允许，” 她要求匿名称。
永磁体用于洛克希德公司的 F-35 等战斗机，新管制预计将引发短期问题，并迫使供应链进行长期调整。
洛克希德首席财务官埃文・斯科特本周告诉投资者，公司今年有足够的稀土材料，他预计美国当局会 “鉴于我们项目的重要性” 优先向洛克希德供应。
4.2 重点详解
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end-use certification /end juːs ˌsɜːrtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/结构：名词短语含义：最终用途认证用法：指证明产品最终用途符合规定的官方文件（如非军事用途），常见于敏感物资出口管制，例：require end-use certification for dual-use goods（对两用物品要求最终用途认证）。intended to guarantee /ɪnˈtendɪd tu ˌɡærənˈtiː/结构：动词短语（过去分词作定语）含义：旨在保证用法：“intended” 表示 “预期的”，后接不定式表目的，例：The policy is intended to guarantee fair competition.（该政策旨在保证公平竞争。）weaponry /ˈwepənri/词性：名词含义：武器；兵器（总称）用法：正式用语，指各类武器装备，例：ban the sale of weaponry to conflict zones（禁止向冲突地区出售武器）。halting military-related shipments /ˈhɔːltɪŋ ˈmɪlɪteri rɪˈleɪtɪd ˈʃɪpmənts/结构：名词短语含义：停止与军事相关的出货用法：“halting” 为动名词，表 “停止”；“military-related” 指 “与军事相关的”，例：halting shipments of advanced technology to military facilities（停止向军事设施运送先进技术）。submit statements to authorities /səbˈmɪt ˈsteɪtmənts tu ɔːˈθɒrɪtiz/结构：动词短语含义：向当局提交声明用法：“submit” 表示 “提交”，“statements” 指 “正式声明”，例：Companies must submit financial statements to the tax authority.（企业必须向税务机关提交财务报表。）non-military applications /nɒn ˈmɪlɪteri ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃnz/结构：名词短语含义：非军事用途用法：与 “military purposes” 相对，指民用或商业用途，例：restrict exports to non-military applications only（限制出口仅用于非军事用途）。short-term problems /ʃɔːrt tɜːm ˈprɒbləms/结构：名词短语含义：短期问题用法：指持续时间较短的困难，“short-term” 可作定语，例：solve short-term problems with emergency funding（用紧急资金解决短期问题）。force long-term supply chain shifts /fɔːs lɒŋ tɜːm səˈplaɪ tʃeɪn ʃɪfts/结构：动词短语含义：迫使供应链长期调整用法：“force” 表示 “迫使”，“shifts” 指 “转变”，例：New regulations may force supply chain shifts to local production.（新法规可能迫使供应链转向本地生产）。chief financial officer (CFO) /tʃiːf faɪˈnænʃl ˈɒfɪsə/prioritise supplying /praɪˈɒrɪtaɪz səˈplaɪɪŋ/来源：英语杂货铺
