摘要:1924年,孙中山先生致信亨利·福特(Henry Ford),邀请其前往中国南方实地考察,希望借助福特在工业化方面的经验与实力,推动中国现代工业的发展,并提出“以更盛大的规模成就同样的事业”的设想。
一百年前,孙中山致信美国“汽车大王”亨利·福特,邀请他访华,共谋中国工业化发展,然而却未能实现。
一百年后,形势逆转:福特主动寻求与中国企业合作,希望借助中国的电池技术打入全球电动车市场。
孙中山(左)亨利·福特(右)图源:VCG
这不仅是角色的互换,更是中国科技和产业地位飞跃的生动写照。
100年前:孙中山致信福特未果
1924年,孙中山先生致信亨利·福特(Henry Ford),邀请其前往中国南方实地考察,希望借助福特在工业化方面的经验与实力,推动中国现代工业的发展,并提出“以更盛大的规模成就同样的事业”的设想。
Sun Yat-sen, a great patriot and great forerunner of China's democratic revolution, once invited Henry Ford to China to create a "new industrial system", to help the then-struggling country. Sun wrote a letter in 1924 asking Ford to visit South China, where "much of the intelligence, energy and wealth of this country can be found".孙中山致信福特段落节选
I know and I have read of your remarkable work in America. And I think that you can do similar work in China on a much vaster and more significant scale. In a sense it may be said that your work in America has been more individual and personal, whereas here in China you would have an opportunity to express and embody your mind and ideals in the enduring form of a new industrial system.
我了解并拜读了阁下在美国的惊人之作。您可在中国以更盛大的规模,成就同样的事业。在某种意义上,可以说您在美国的事业更具有个人色彩,而在中国,您将有机会以一个新工业体系的形式,表达和实现您的思想和理想。
I now realise that it is more or less hopeless to expect much from the present Governments of the Powers. There is much more to hope, in my opinion, from a dynamic worker like yourself, and this is why I invite you to visit us in South China, in order to study, at first hand, what is undoubtedly one of the greatest problems of the Twentieth Century.我现在认识到,如果将主要希望寄托在列强的现政府身上,那大概是要碰壁的。依我看来,可以在您这样富于生气的实干家身上寄托更大的希望。这就是我诚邀您访问华南的原因,您可以借此对中国的发展做第一手的研究,而这无疑是二十世纪最大的问题之一。
然而,当时的中国正处于战乱与贫困之中,工业基础薄弱,政局动荡,对国际资本吸引力有限。
福特办公室的一位助理回信说,福特已经收到了邀请,但“目前没有前往中国的打算”。
如今,这封信的原件仍藏于美国底特律的福特博物馆,成为中美早期交流中的一段历史注脚。
Henry Ford somewhat curtly declined via his secretary. "Thank you for the kind invitation," his response read, but "Mr Ford has made no plans for visiting China in the very near future."
100年后:福特主动寻求与中企合作
一百年后的今天,角色悄然互换。2023年2月,福特宣布将与中国电池企业宁德时代展开合作,在美国密歇根州投资35亿美元建设磷酸铁锂电池工厂,计划于2026年投产。根据协议,该项目由福特独资建设,宁德时代提供电池技术授权及相关运营支持。
In February 2023, Ford Motor announced a $3.5 billion collaboration with CATL to build a new electric vehicle (EV) battery plant in Michigan.
If the project proceeds as planned and begins operations in 2026, the facility is expected to produce enough batteries to power up to 400,000 EVs annually in the US.
尽管该项目曾在2023年秋季因市场和政策不确定性一度暂停,福特于当年11月宣布重启计划,并将产能缩减约43%。即便如此,该合作仍被美国媒体视为“必要的联姻”,显示出福特对中国电池技术的高度依赖。
位于密歇根州的汽车行业咨询公司——中国汽车洞察(Sino Auto Insights)的负责人涂乐认为,美国汽车制造商要想生产普通消费者买得起的电动汽车,与比亚迪和宁德时代的合作至关重要。他说,“美国传统汽车制造商制造低价汽车的唯一途径就是使用中国电池。从产能和制造业的角度来看,他们将永远领先于我们。”
"If the US automakers are going to build profitable (electric) vehicles below a $50,000 price point, then they're going need Chinese batteries," said Tu Le, founder of Sino Auto Insights. "We don't have the capacity. We don't have the mining, we don't have the refining, and we won't have it in significant volumes through this decade," he said.
从“世界工厂”到技术输出国
福特的选择,正代表着众多跨国企业的新趋势。近年来,中国科技企业不断扩大国际影响力,中国也正从全球制造基地向技术输出国和创新高地迈进,在动力电池、光伏、风能等多个领域取得领先优势。
2024年,《哈佛商业评论》总结了中国经济对跨国公司具有吸引力的四大优势:一是中国的创新生态系统,二是中国在全球南方的投资,三是中国的“超竞争”市场,四是中国的14亿消费者。
...its innovation ecosystem, its investment in the Global South, its ultra-competitive markets, and its vast consumer base. Those who fail to engage risk losing global revenue and strategic opportunities.
福特百年间的态度转变,折射出的不仅是个别企业的战略调整,更是全球产业格局深刻变化的缩影。未来,中国技术与模式的出海仍面临挑战,但也充满机遇。中国企业有望在更多前沿领域实现从“跟跑”到“领跑”的跃升。
来源:中国日报