急性酒精中毒的诊断和治疗

360影视 国产动漫 2025-05-05 10:43 8

摘要:酒精是乙醇(Alcohol,音爱渴喝,或ethanol,音爱色闹)的俗称,所谓酒精中毒指成年人急性乙醇中毒(acute ethanol intoxication),属于酒精滥用(alcohol use disorder)的范畴,严重影响个人身体健康和浪费社会资

酒精是乙醇(Alcohol,音爱渴喝,或ethanol,音爱色闹)的俗称,所谓酒精中毒指成年人急性乙醇中毒(acute ethanol intoxication),属于酒精滥用(alcohol use disorder)的范畴,严重影响个人身体健康和浪费社会资源。

乙醇(CH3CH2OH)是一种水溶性醇,可快速通过细胞膜。乙醇通过胃肠系统吸收,主要在十二指肠和小肠(约80%)以及胃(约20%)。空腹饮酒30-90分钟后,血液乙醇水平达峰。Absorption of ethanol occurs via the gastrointestinal system, primarily in the duodenum and remainder of the small intestine (approximately 80 percent) and stomach (approximately 20 percent). When the stomach is empty, peak blood ethanol concentrations are reached between 30 and 90 minutes after ingestion.

乙醇的主要代谢通路在肝脏,在乙醇脱氢酶(alcohol dehydrogenase)的作用下进行。虽然乙醇代谢主要在肝脏中,但其他组织也有参与。胃黏膜中也有乙醇脱氢酶。

1. 临床特征

豪饮是指男性一次饮酒至少5标准杯酒、女性一次饮酒至少4标准杯,通常会导致急性乙醇中毒。Binge drinking, which is defined as consuming five or more alcohol-containing drinks for males and four or more drinks for females on a single occasion, generally results in acute intoxication.

According to the Department of Health and Human Services and the United States Department of Agriculture, one standard drink contains approximately 0.5 ounces of ethanol. 1标准杯酒精就是0.5 盎司,约等于 14.79 毫升,含10克纯酒精。对于51%至53%度的白酒,1个标准杯约为19.23毫升,以50ml一两计算,20ml大约0.4两。5个标准杯的中国白酒大约是2两,但大部分中国地区的成年男性饮用8两甚至1斤中国白酒(一般是51-53%),这些人一般是长期饮酒者。

急性乙醇中毒(Acute alcoholism)的症状和体征因人而异,包括言语不清(slurred speech)、眼球震颤(nystagmus)、去抑制行为(disinhibited behavior)、共济失调(incoordination)、不稳定步态(unsteady gait)、记忆障碍(memory impairment)、昏睡或昏迷(stupor or coma),还可能因乙醇所致周围血管扩张(ethanol-induced peripheral vasodilation)或容量丢失(volume loss)而发生低血压和心动过速(tachycardia)。

Disinhibited behavior,也叫放纵行为,表现为减少对冲动的控制,一时兴起做某事,事先没有想到可能是不想要的甚至是危险的结果。

Disinhibition is saying or doing something on a whim, without thinking in advance of what could be the unwanted or even dangerous result. Alcohol can lead to disinhibited behavior. It can lower inhibitions, impair judgment, and temporarily dismantle the barriers that usually keep our behavior in check.它可以降低抑制力,削弱判断力,暂时消除自我的控制。

Incoordination,共济失调,动作失调,表现为缺乏协调性,尤其是身体不同部位不能平稳有效地协调运用。lack of coordination, especially the inability to use different parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently.

急性乙醇中毒还可引起多种代谢紊乱,包括低血糖(hypoglycemia)、高乳酸血症(hyperlactatemia)、低钾血症(hypokalemia)、低镁血症(hypomagnesemia)、低钙血症和低磷血症(hypocalcemia, and hypophosphatemia)。

2. 鉴别诊断

急性乙醇中毒导致神志改变是一种排除性诊断,仅应在排除更严重疾病后再考虑,例如头部创伤(head trauma)、缺氧(hypoxia)、低血糖、低体温、肝性脑病(hepatic encephalopathy,)以及其他代谢和生理紊乱。此外,对于存在严重代谢性酸中毒(metabolic acidosis)和阴离子间隙增加(increased anion gap)的患者,应怀疑其他醇类(甲醇或乙二醇,methanol or ethylene glycol)中毒。

3. 实验室评估

测定血清乙醇浓度能最准确地评估患者的乙醇浓度。在美国大部分地区,酒驾的法律认定标准为血液酒精浓度(blood alcohol concentration, BAC)超过80mg/dL(17mmol/L)。In most of the United States, the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) legal limit for driving is 0.08 percent (equivalent to a serum concentration of 94 mg/dL [20 mmol/L]).

乙醇中毒的症状和体征差别较大,对于非频繁饮酒者(In individuals who infrequently use alcohol),乙醇中毒的临床效应更易预测。相反,患者有长期饮酒史时更无法预测醉酒的影响,此类患者即使BAC>400mg/dL(88mmol/L),可能也几乎没有乙醇中毒的临床证据。

非频繁饮酒者的临床体征通常与特定范围的BAC相关:

当BAC为0.01%-0.1%(当BAC为0.10%-0.20%时,协调功能和精神运动障碍加重,且出现注意力下降、共济失调、判断力受损、言语不清和情绪多变。With a serum ethanol concentration between 100 to 200 mg/dL (22 to 43 mmol/L), an individual experiences greater deficits in coordination and psychomotor skills, decreased attention, ataxia, impaired judgment, slurred speech, and mood variability.当BAC为0.20%-0.30%时,重度乙醇中毒会导致协调功能缺乏、思维混乱、意识模糊、恶心和呕吐。With a serum ethanol concentration between 200 to 300 mg/dL (43 to 65 mmol/L), severe intoxication results in a lack of coordination, incoherent thoughts, confusion, and nausea and vomiting.当BAC超过0.30%时,患者可发生昏睡和意识丧失。一些患者会出现昏迷和呼吸抑制,且可能死亡。When the serum ethanol concentration exceeds 300 mg/dL (65 mmol/L), stupor and loss of consciousness can occur. Some patients experience coma and respiratory depression, and death is possible.

应注意,根据上述因素以及乙醇浓度升高/降低,急性乙醇中毒的临床症状和体征可能与BAC关。还需注意,同时摄入拟交感神经药、阿片类物质、苯二氮卓类、巴比妥类、“策划药”等其他物质,可能会拮抗或增强乙醇的作用,从而不能根据BAC可靠预测临床症状。It is also important to recognize that co-ingestion of other substances such as sympathomimetic drugs, opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and ‘designer drugs’ may either antagonize or augment the effects of ethanol, making the concentration an unreliable predictor of clinical symptoms.

5. 治疗

对单纯急性乙醇中毒主要采取支持治疗。一般而言,所有中毒患者都应进行快速床旁血糖测定;如果出现低血糖,随后应输注葡萄糖。对于因乙醇中毒而昏迷的患者,至少应胃肠外给予100mg维生素B1以预防或治疗Wernicke脑病,并同时给予葡萄糖。Patients presenting with coma secondary to ethanol intoxication should receive at least 100 mg of parenteral thiamine to prevent or treat Wernicke's encephalopathy, along with dextrose.

一些意识发生改变的急性乙醇中毒患者表现为激越、暴力和不配合。此时可能需要采取劝导技术或药物镇静以防患者伤害自己或他人,常用苯二氮卓类和第一代(典型)抗精神病药进行镇静,但必须谨慎,因为这些药物可加重乙醇引起的呼吸抑制。氯胺酮单药(Ketamine, as a single agent)治疗或作为其他药物的辅助时,可能对乙醇所致激越(ethanol-induced agitation)有用。Some patients with acute ethanol intoxication and altered sensorium can be agitated, violent, and uncooperative. In such cases, de-escalation techniques or sedation with medication may be needed to prevent the patient from harming themselves or others. Benzodiazepines and first generation (typical) antipsychotics are frequently used for sedation in these patients, but caution must be taken as these drugs can worsen the respiratory depression caused by ethanol.

需要接受ICU水平治疗的危险因素包括:生命征异常(如低血压、心动过速、发热和低体温)、缺氧、低血糖和需要胃肠外镇静。

对于大多数轻度乙醇中毒患者,在意识清醒之前,仅需接受观察和连续监测。非成瘾性饮酒者的血液乙醇清除速率为每小时15-20mg/dL(3-4.5mmol/L)。长期饮酒者的乙醇清除速率为每小时25-35mg/dL(5.5-8mmol/L)。

中度乙醇中毒,存在容量不足、低血压或营养不良特征的中度乙醇中毒患者,可能需行静脉置管和补液。

重度乙醇中毒,所有重度乙醇中毒患者均应接受积极的支持治疗。对于BAC较高的患者,必须特别注意呼吸状态,增加对气道和呼吸的评估次数。如果患者不能保护气道或氧合/通气不足,则需进行气管插管和机械通气。

对于重度中毒患者,活性炭和洗胃通常没有帮助,因为胃肠道吸收乙醇的速度很快。

正在研发可加速乙醇清除的新疗法。例如,美他多辛(metadoxine )是吡哆醇的一种吡咯烷酮羧酸盐(a pyrrolidone carboxylate of pyridoxine,),在急性中毒后使用似乎可安全有效降低BAC并改善症状。美国FDA尚未批准将美他多辛用于治疗急性乙醇中毒,其使用尚处于实验性阶段。

总之,适量饮酒就是不过量,因人而异,过量饮酒会导致急性酒精中毒,轻度表现为快乐,中度是摇晃,重度就是人事不省,需要到医院观察和治疗,否则会有死亡的风险。

扩展阅读:

UpToDate: 成人乙醇中毒

来源:重症医学一点号

相关推荐