摘要：虽然国际海事组织（IMO）最初的职责主要涉及海上安全，但其作为《1954年国际防止海洋油污染公约》（OILPOL 公约）的管理机构，自1959年正式运转后不久，就开始承担起海洋防污责任。其在随后数十年间，采取了一系列广泛的措施，以防止船舶污染，和减轻因海上作业

IMO, WHAT IT does (3): PREVENTING POLLUTION & PROVIDING COMPENSATION

IMO的职责（3）：防止污染与损害赔偿

IMO’s original mandate was principally concerned with maritime safety. However, as the custodian of the 1954 International Convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil (OILPOL Convention), the Organization, soon after it began functioning in 1959, assumed responsibility for pollution issues and subsequently has, over many years, adopted a wide range of measures to prevent and control pollution caused by ships and to mitigate the effects of any damage that may occur as a result of maritime operations and accidents..

虽然国际海事组织（IMO）最初的职责主要涉及海上安全，但其作为《1954年国际防止海洋油污染公约》（OILPOL 公约）的管理机构，自1959年正式运转后不久，就开始承担起海洋防污责任。其在随后数十年间，采取了一系列广泛的措施，以防止船舶污染，和减轻因海上作业和事故可能造成的任何污染损害。

These measures have been shown to be successful in reducing ship-sourced pollution and illustrate the commitment of the Organization and the shipping industry towards protecting the environment. Of the 51 treaty instruments for the regulation of international shipping IMO has adopted so far, 21 are directly environment-related.

实践证明这些措施不仅有效减少了船源污染，还体现了IMO与航运业对保护环境的坚定承诺。在IMO迄今通过的51项国际航运相关条约中，有21项直接与环境相关。

Although the International Convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil, 1954, (OILPOL) was amended in 1962, the wreck of the Torrey Canyon in 1967 resulted in a series of conventions and other instruments, including further amendments to the 1954 Convention, which were adopted in 1969.

虽然IMO于1962年对《1954年OILPOL公约》进行了修订，但1967年的“Torrey Canyon”油轮事故仍促使IMO在1969年又通过了一系列公约和相关文件，包括对《1954年OILPOL公约》的进一步修订。

The International Convention relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties, 1969, which established the right of coastal States to intervene in incidents on the high seas which are likely to result in oil pollution, entered into force in 1975.

《1969年国际干预公海油污染事故公约》明确规定沿海国有权对可能造成油污染的公海事故进行干预。该公约于1975年生效。

The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969, and the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1971, together established a regime to provide compensation to victims of oil pollution.

《1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约》与《1971年设立国际油污损害赔偿基金公约》共同构建了油污受害者赔偿制度。

In 1971, the International Convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil, 1954, (OILPOL) was amended again, but it was generally felt that a completely new instrument was required to control pollution of the seas from ships, and in 1973 IMO convened a major conference to discuss the whole problem of marine pollution from ships. It resulted in the adoption of the first ever comprehensive anti-pollution convention, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL).

1971年，《1954年OILPOL公约》再次被修订，但国际社会普遍认为需要一部全新制度来防控船舶造成的海洋污染。1973年，IMO召开重大会议商讨船舶污染防控问题，最终通过了史上第一部综合性防污染公约——《1973年国际防止船舶造成污染公约》（《1973年MARPOL公约》）。

In 1978, IMO convened the Conference on Tanker Safety and Pollution Prevention, which adopted a protocol to the 1973 MARPOL Convention introducing further measures, including requirements for certain operational techniques and a number of modified constructional requirements. The Protocol of 1978 relating to the 1973 MARPOL Convention in effect absorbs the parent Convention with modifications. This combined instrument is commonly referred to as MARPOL 73/78 and entered into force in October 1983. The Convention has been amended on several occasions since then.

1978年，IMO召开国际油轮安全和防止污染大会，通过了《经1978年议定书修订的〈1973年国际防止船舶造成污染公约〉》，进一步完善了防污举措，包括新增操作技术要求和修订船舶构造标准。该议定书实质上是吸纳了《1973年MARPOL公约》，并加以修订。合并后的文书被统称为《73/78MARPOL公约》（《MARPOL 公约》），于1983年10月生效。《MARPOL公约》后续又历经了多次修订。

The MARPOL Convention deals not only with pollution by oil, but also pollution from chemicals, other harmful substances, garbage, sewage and, under an Annex VI adopted in 1997, air pollution and emissions from ships. A revised Annex VI was adopted in 2008 and it entered into force in 2010, phasing in a progressive reduction in sulphur oxide (SOX) from ships and further reductions in nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions from marine engines. Amendments adopted in 2011 set mandatory measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from international shipping, with the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) made mandatory for new ships, and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) made a requirement for all ships. These amendments entered into force on 1 January 2013.

《MARPOL 公约》内容不仅涉及油类污染，还涉及化学品、有害物质、垃圾、生活污水污染，以及1997年通过的附则VI所规定的船舶造成的空气污染和排放物。附则VI（2008年修正案）于2010年生效，提出逐步减少船舶硫氧化物（SOX）排放，并进一步降低船舶发动机氮氧化物（NOX）排放。附则VI（2011年修正案）通过了具有强制约束力的措施（包括适用于新建船舶的“新船能效设计指数”EEDI和适用于所有船舶的船舶能效管理计划SEEMP），旨在减少国际航运温室气体 (GHGs）排放。该修正案于2013年1月1日生效。

Furthermore, in 1990, IMO also adopted the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC). It is designed to improve the ability of nations to cope with a sudden emergency. It entered into force in May 1995. A related Protocol covering hazardous and noxious substances (OPRC-HNS Protocol) was adopted in 2000, it entered into force in 2007.

此外，IMO还通过了《1990年国际油污防备、响应和合作公约》，旨在提升各国应对突发污染事件的能力。该公约于1995年5月生效。2000年，IMO通过了《2000年有毒有害物质污染事故防备、反应与合作议定书》（OPRC-HNS 议定书），于2007年生效。

In 1996, IMO adopted the International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS Convention). The Convention establishes a two-tier system for providing compensation up to a total of around £250 million. It covers not only pollution aspects but other risks such as fire and explosion. A Protocol to update the 1996 Convention was adopted in 2010.

1996年，IMO通过了《国际海上运输有毒有害物质损害责任和赔偿公约》（HNS公约）。该公约建立了两级赔偿机制，最高赔偿额约2.5亿英镑。其内容不仅涉及污染损害，还涉及包括火灾、爆炸等在内的其他风险损害。2010年，IMO通过了《HNS公约议定书》（该议定书至今尚未生效）。

IMO carries out Secretariat functions in connection with the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972 (London Convention). It entered into force in 1975. The 1996 Protocol to the London Convention, which entered into force in 2006, will eventually supersede the 1972 Convention. The 1996 Protocol prohibits the dumping of wastes at sea, except for certain materials on an approved list.

IMO还在《1972年防止倾倒废物和其他物质造成海洋污染公约》（又被称为《伦敦公约》）的制定过程中承担着秘书处的责任。该公约于1975年生效。随后，《1996年伦敦公约议定书》取代《1972年伦敦公约》，于2006年生效。该议定书禁止向海洋倾倒废物，但符合附件I “可考虑倾倒的废物或其他物质”要求的除外。

IMO adopted the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships (AFS) in 2001. It prohibits the use of harmful organotins in anti-fouling paints used on ships and will establish a mechanism to prevent the potential future use of other harmful substances in anti-fouling systems. It entered into force in 2008.

2001年，IMO通过了《控制船舶有害防污底系统国际公约》 (AFS公约） 。该公约禁止在船舶的防污涂料中使用有害的有机锡化合物，并建立机制以防止未来在防污系统中使用其他有害物质。其于2008年生效。

The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments was adopted in 2004, to prevent the potentially devastating effects of the spread of invasive harmful aquatic organisms carried by ships' ballast water.

2004年，IMO通过了《国际船舶压载水和沉积物控制与管理公约》，旨在防止船舶压载水携载外来有害水生物并扩散，对原生生态系统造成破坏性影响。

In May 2009, IMO adopted the Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships.

2009年5月，IMO通过了《香港国际安全与环境无害化拆船公约》（简称《香港公约》，已于2025年6月26日生效）。

供稿：新港海事局 谭韵璇

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来源：京津冀消息通